The development of mobile learning based on augmented reality to strengthen student digital ethics

Siska Fitri Anggraheni; Triyanto; Mohammad Muchtarom

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2026056

Keywords:

civic education

digital citizenship

e-learning

Abstract

Indonesia experiences low levels of digital civility, especially in Surakarta, where students are vulnerable to fake news and hate speech due to limited critical thinking skills. Digital ethics refers to safe, responsible, and ethical behavior by internet users. Incorporating augmented reality into Civic Education fosters digital ethics and promotes educational values among students. This research aims to develop augmented reality-based mobile learning tools suitable for Civic Education lessons. The research follows a 4D-development framework involving defining, designing, developing, and disseminating stages. The study involved 120 student participants and included validation by two academic experts, two media specialists, and four civic education teachers. Data collection methods encompassed observations, literature reviews, interviews, and questionnaires, with the questionnaire serving as the primary instrument. The results show that the augmented reality-based learning tool achieved excellent ratings: 85 from academic experts, 88 from media specialists, 86 from teachers, and 88 from students, categorizing it as very effective. The tool also improved students’ digital ethics and is recommended for use in Civic Education programs.
References
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10. Choi, M., Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2018). Teachers as digital citizens: The influence of individual backgrounds, internet use and psychological characteristics on teachers’ levels of digital citizenship. Computers and Education, 121, 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.005
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27. Longford, G. (2005). Pedagogies of digital citizenship and the politics of code.
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33. Pekkala, K., & van Zoonen, W. (2022). Work-related social media use: The mediating role of social media communication self-efficacy. European Management Journal, 40(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.03.004
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41. Thiagarajan, S., Sammel, D. S., & Semmel, M. I. (1974). Instructional development for training teacher of exceptional children. Leadership Training Institute/Special Education.
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44. Yang, S. J. H., & Hwang, G.-J. (2014). An augmented reality-based mobile learning system to improve students’ learning achievements and motivations in natural science inquiry activities. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287529242
45. Zhao, X., Liu, M., & Liu, Y. (2022). The influence of different learning strategies on pupils’ learning motivation: Is augmented reality multimedia learning consistent with traditional text learning? Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810345
46. Zheng, W., Zhou, Y., & Qin, Y. (2019). An empirical study of incorporation of augmented reality into civic education. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341042.3341054

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Anggraheni, S. F., Triyanto, & Muchtarom, M. (2025). The development of mobile learning based on augmented reality to strengthen student digital ethics. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(2), 2026056. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026056

[1] Abdilah, Y. A., Tijan, & Suhardiyanto, A. (2023). Exploring the potentials of augmented reality poster for civic education in Indonesia (pp. 872–884). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-096-1_91

[2] Affandi, I., & Nu’man Somantri, M. (2019). Civic education, global issues, and global citizen. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 541–545. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200320.102

[3] Andriani, A. (2020). Implementasi pendidikan karakter melalui model pembelajaran discovery learning di MIM Pasir Lor Karanglewas Banyumas. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(2), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.32815/jpm.v1i2.303

[4] Baylor, A. L., Ritchie, D., & Baylor, A. L. (2002). What factors facilitate teacher skill, teacher morale, and perceived student learning in technology-using classrooms? Computers & Education, 39, 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00075-1

[5] Billinghurst, M., Belcher, D., Gupta, A., & Kiyokawa, K. (2003). Communication behaviors in colocated collaborative AR interfaces. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 16(3), 395–423. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327590IJHC1603_2

[6] Branson, M. S. (2007). Character development and democratic citizenship. Center for Civic Education. [email protected]

[7] Choi, M. (2015). Development of a scale to measure digital citizenship among young adults for democratic citizenship education [Dissertation, The Ohio State University].

[8] Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory and Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549

[9] Choi, M., & Cristol, D. (2021). Digital citizenship with intersectionality lens: Towards participatory democracy driven digital citizenship education. Theory into Practice, 60(4), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1987094

[10] Choi, M., Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2018). Teachers as digital citizens: The influence of individual backgrounds, internet use and psychological characteristics on teachers’ levels of digital citizenship. Computers and Education, 121, 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.005

[11] Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers and Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002

[12] Connolly, P. (2021). Quantitative data analysis in education: A critical introduction using SPSS (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis.

[13] Crompton, H. (2013). A historical overview of mobile learning: Toward learner-centered education. In L. Z. Berge & Y. M. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852116

[14] Dinayusadewi, N. P., Ngurah, G., & Agustika, S. (2020). Development of augmented reality application as a mathematics learning media in elementary school geometry materials. Journal of Education Technology, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i2.25372

[15] Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. (2021). European values for ethics in digital technology.

[16] Gal, D. G. (2005). Global perspectives for teacher education. In International Perspectives on Education and Society (Vol. 6, pp. 259–287). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3679(04)06010-4

[17] Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

[18] Halimah, N. N., & Sungkono, S. (2021). Pengembangan puzzle berbasis augmented reality untuk penanaman nilai Pancasila bagi siswa kelas 4 SD IT. Epistema, 2(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.21831/ep.v2i2.42721

[19] Halimi, M., Rahmat, R., Nugraha, R. A., & Pratiwi, E. D. (2022). Young digital citizen answers: Can online learning improve the quality of civic education learning? Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 19(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.21831/jc.v19i1.40140

[20] Harahap, M., Mayasari, L., Stai, S., & Sibuhuan, B. R. (2018). Mengembangkan sumber dan media pembelajaran. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19282.86721

[21] Hasanah, I. (2023). Menumbuhkan jiwa kreativitas siswa melalui pembelajaran berbasis IT pada era pandemi Covid-19. Journal of Education and Teaching Learning, 3(3), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.51178/jetl.v3i3.267

[22] Hernandez-de-Menendez, M., Escobar Díaz, C., & Morales-Menendez, R. (2020). Technologies for the future of learning: State of the art. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing, 14(2), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-019-00640-0

[23] Hutagalung, H. M., & Rachman, F. (2023). Android-based augmented reality media in learning Pancasila and citizenship education. Jurnal Pedagogi Dan Pembelajaran, 6(3), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v6i3.66149

[24] Isdendi, R. R., Nanda, I., & Suganda, M. W. (2023). The role of Indonesia’s digital citizenship generation in the realization of ethics in cyberspace (pp. 514–525). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-096-1_57

[25] Japar, M., Casmana, A. R., Adha, M. M., & Fadhillah, D. N. (2024). Students’ perspectives on civic education through digital citizenship in the virtual era. European Journal of Educational Research, 13(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.1.89

[26] Lim, K. Y. T., & Lim, R. (2020). Semiotics, memory and augmented reality: History education with learner-generated augmentation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(3), 673–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12904

[27] Longford, G. (2005). Pedagogies of digital citizenship and the politics of code.

[28] Maulidiah, P., Sya, A., & Kusumawati, L. (2023). Efektivitas media pembelajaran augmented reality (AR) dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif siswa pada pelajaran geografi di kelas X SMAN 36 Jakarta. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.21067/jpig.v8i2.8619

[29] Microsoft TRG. (2021). Civility, safety & interaction online. https://pskp.kemdikbud.go.id/assets_front/images/produk/1-gtk/materi/2_Kondisi_Kesantunan_Digital_Masyarakat,_Khususnya_Kalangan_Pelajar_dan_Mahasiswa%E2%80%9D_(Benny_Kusuma,_Education_Lead_Microsoft_Indonesia).pdf

[30] Miles, M., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

[31] Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., McNeal, R. S., & Hicks, E. (2008). Digital citizenship: The internet, society, and participation. In Online Society and the Power of Knowing (pp. 1–6).

[32] Nurholisa, W. H. L., & Qotrun Nida. (2022). Pengembangan media pembelajaran augmented reality berbasis fenomena sosial pada mata pelajaran PPKn di SMAN 1 Mancak. Jurnal Kewarganegaraan, 6(1), 298–306. https://doi.org/10.31316/jk.v6i1.2430

[33] Pekkala, K., & van Zoonen, W. (2022). Work-related social media use: The mediating role of social media communication self-efficacy. European Management Journal, 40(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.03.004

[34] Rusli, R., Nalanda, D. A., Tarmidi, A. D. V., Suryaningrum, K. M., & Yunanda, R. (2022). Augmented reality for studying hands on the human body for elementary school students. Procedia Computer Science, 216, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.132

[35] Sapulette, V. (2023). Penggunaan media pembelajaran augmented reality (AR) dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Journal on Teacher Education, 5(1), 208–213.

[36] Savitri, A. (2019). Revolusi industri 4.0: Mengubah tantangan menjadi peluang di era disrupsi 4.0 (T. Afkar, Ed.; 3rd ed.). Genesis. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dSvTDwAAQBAJ

[37] Sayu Putri Ningrat, I. M., Tegeh, I. M., & Sumantri, M. (2018). Kontribusi gaya belajar dan motivasi belajar terhadap hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 2(3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v2i3.16140

[38] Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning theories: An educational perspective (M. Buchholz, Ed.; 6th ed.). Pearson.

[39] Silva, M., Bermúdez, K., & Caro, K. (2023). Effect of an augmented reality app on academic achievement, motivation, and technology acceptance of university students of a chemistry course. Computers & Education: X Reality, 2, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2023.100022

[40] Surya, T., Negara, R. A., & Pribadi, W. A. (2021). Status literasi digital di Indonesia 2021.

[41] Thiagarajan, S., Sammel, D. S., & Semmel, M. I. (1974). Instructional development for training teacher of exceptional children. Leadership Training Institute/Special Education.

[42] Vanfossen, P. J., & Berson, M. J. (2008). Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education [Online serial], 8(2). http://www.education.purdue.edu

[43] Wannapiroon, P., Nilsook, P., Kaewrattanapat, N., Wannapiroon, N., & Supa, W. (2021). Augmented reality interactive learning model, using the Imagineering Process for the SMART classroom. TEM Journal, 10(3), 1404–1417. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM103-51

[44] Yang, S. J. H., & Hwang, G.-J. (2014). An augmented reality-based mobile learning system to improve students’ learning achievements and motivations in natural science inquiry activities. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287529242

[45] Zhao, X., Liu, M., & Liu, Y. (2022). The influence of different learning strategies on pupils’ learning motivation: Is augmented reality multimedia learning consistent with traditional text learning? Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810345

[46] Zheng, W., Zhou, Y., & Qin, Y. (2019). An empirical study of incorporation of augmented reality into civic education. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341042.3341054

Abstract

References

How to cite