Analysis of determinants affecting  turnover intention in private higher education in China

Yi Tan; Saiful Azizi Ismail

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025553

Keywords:

Abstract

This study explores the interrelationships between job stress, job insecurity, burnout, and turnover intention in the context of private universities in China. With the growing significance of private universities in addressing educational demands, challenges such as high workloads, resource constraints, and organizational uncertainties have heightened employee stress and insecurity. These factors contribute to burnout, which mediates the relationship between workplace stressors and turnover intention. The findings reveal that job stress and insecurity significantly increase burnout levels, which in turn heighten turnover intention among academic and administrative staff. These insights underscore the need for strategic interventions, such as enhancing job security and implementing stress management programs. Private universities can improve employee retention, enhance institutional stability, and ensure sustainable growth in a competitive educational landscape by addressing these issues. This research also provides a theoretical foundation for further studies on higher education employee well-being and retention strategies.
References
1. Aduma, P. O., Owan, V. J., Akah, L. U., Alawa, D. A., Apie, M. A., Ogabor, J. O., Olofu, M. A., Unimna, F. A., Ebuara, V. O., Essien, E. E., & Essien, C. K. (2022). Interactive Analysis of Demographic Variables and Occupational Stress on University Lecturers’ Job Performance. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 10(2), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.18488/73.v10i2.2952
2. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
3. Becker, J.-M., Cheah, J.-H., Gholamzade, R., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2023). PLS-SEM’s most wanted guidance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2022-0474
4. Cain, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K.-H. (2017). Univariate and multivariate skewness and kurtosis for measuring nonnormality: Prevalence, influence and estimation. Behavior Research Methods, 49(5), 1716–1735. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0814-1
5. Cao, J., Liu, J., & Wong, J. W. C. (2023). JD-R Model on Job Insecurity and the Moderating Effect of COVID-19 Perceived Susceptibility. Current Psychology, 43(18), 16890–16904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04646-6
6. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018
7. Chong, C. A., Ng, L. P., & Chen, I.-C. (2024). The impact of job insecurity on job burnout among hospitality employees during COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating role of supervisor and co-worker support. International Hospitality Review, 38(1), 160–181.
8. Enzmann, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Janssen, P., & Rozeman, A. (1998). Dimensionality and validity of the Burnout Measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71(4), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00680.x
9. Ferguson, N. M., Laydon, D., Nedjati-Gilani, G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunubá, Z., & Cuomo-Dannenburg, G. (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, 20(10.25561), 77482.
10. Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: a comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
11. Freitas, M., Moreira, A., & Ramos, F. (2023). Occupational Stress and Turnover Intentions in Employees of the Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority: Mediating Effect of Burnout and Moderating Effect of Motivation. Administrative Sciences, 13(12), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13120251
12. Hahn, E. D., & Ang, S. H. (2017). From the editors: New directions in the reporting of statistical results in the Journal of World Business. Journal of World Business, 52(2), 125–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.12.003
13. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage Publications Inc.
14. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
15. Han, W.-S., Kim, J., Park, J. H., & Lee, M. H. (2022). Influential Effects of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Job Stress and Burnout Among General Hospital Administrative Staff. Healthcare, 10(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020194
16. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
17. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
18. Ibrahim Fallatah, M., & Mohammed Halawani, J. (2023). The Impact of Privatization on Employee Job Insecurity: The Case of the Healthcare Sector in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Management, 18(6), 65. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v18n6p65
19. Ismail, H. (2015). Job insecurity, burnout and intention to quit. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(4).
20. Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
21. Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302
22. Lei, W., Li, J., Li, Y., Castaño, G., Yang, M., & Zou, B. (2021). The boundary conditions under which teaching–research conflict leads to university teachers’ job burnout. Studies in Higher Education, 46(2), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1811218
23. Leone, M. C., Lambert, E. G., Keena, L. D., Hayes, S. H., & May, D. (2023). Examining the Effects of Key Workplace Variables on Job Burnout of Southern Prison Staff. The Prison Journal, 104(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/00328855231222441
24. Malach-Pines, A. (2005). The Burnout Measure, Short Version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
25. Marcatto, F., Di Blas, L., Luis, O., Festa, S., & Ferrante, D. (2022). The Perceived Occupational Stress Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(4), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000677
26. Maseri, M., Tajuddin, D., & Monil, M. (2022). Job Demand, Job Resources, Burnout, and Turnover Intention among Lecturers in Private Higher Institutions in Sabah. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i8/14718
27. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Burnout. In Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 351–357). Elsevier.
28. Mohammed, S. S., Suleyman, C., & Taylan, B. (2020). Burnout determinants and consequences among university lecturers. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 13–24.
29. Njiraine, D. (2019). Financial Incentive as a Yardstick for Employee Performance: The Case of University of Nairobi. European Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-8-10
30. Pei, S., Wang, S., Jiang, R., Guo, J., & Ni, J. (2024). How work stress influence turnover intention among Chinese local undergraduate university teachers: the mediating effect of job burnout and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1308486
31. Rahman, M. A., Das, P., Lam, L., Alif, S. M., Sultana, F., Salehin, M., Banik, B., Joseph, B., Parul, P., Lewis, A., Statham, D., Porter, J., Foster, K., Islam, S. M. S., Cross, W., Jacob, A., Hua, S., Wang, Q., Chair, Sek. Ying., … Polman, R. (2024). Health and Wellbeing of Staff Working at Higher Education Institutions Globally During the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Period: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977428/v1
32. Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An Updated Guide and Practical Guide to Statistical Analysis (2nd ed.). Pearson.
33. Roll, L. C., Siu, O. L., Li, S. Y. W., & Witte, H. De. (2019). Human Error: The Impact of Job Insecurity on Attention-Related Cognitive Errors and Error Detection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132427
34. Rungtusanatham, M., Miller, J. W., & Boyer, K. K. (2014). Theorizing, testing, and concluding for mediation in SCM research: Tutorial and procedural recommendations. Journal of Operations Management, 32(3), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.01.002
35. Shah, S. H. A., Haider, A., Jindong, J., Mumtaz, A., & Rafiq, N. (2022). The Impact of Job Stress and State Anger on Turnover Intention Among Nurses During COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810378
36. Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Velasquez Estrada, J. M., & Chatla, S. B. (2016). The elephant in the room: Predictive performance of PLS models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552–4564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.049
37. Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189
38. Tijani, B., Jin, X., & Osei-Kyei, R. (2020). A systematic review of mental stressors in the construction industry. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 39(2), 433–460.
39. Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2014). The Job Insecurity Scale: A psychometric evaluation across five European countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.745989
40. Wang, P., Chu, P., Wang, J., Pan, R., Sun, Y., Yan, M., Jiao, L., Zhan, X., & Zhang, D. (2020). Association Between Job Stress and Organizational Commitment in Three Types of Chinese University Teachers: Mediating Effects of Job Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576768
41. Wang, Z. (2024). Achieving Universal Higher Education in China: Characteristics, Challenges, and Future Directions. Pacific International Journal, 6(4), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6i4.490
42. Wayne, S., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/257021
43. Wen, B., Zhou, X., Hu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). Role Stress and Turnover Intention of Front-Line Hotel Employees: The Roles of Burnout and Service Climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00036
44. Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750
45. Yu, S., Gong, X., & Wu, N. (2020). Job Insecurity and Employee Engagement: A Moderated Dual Path Model. Sustainability, 12(23), 10081. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310081
46. Zhao, P., Yuan, J., & Hu, Y. (2024). Work Hours, Job Resources and Subjective Well-Being of Chinese Faculty: An Empirical Analysis Based on a Sequential Mediation Model. Research in Higher Education, 65(5), 965–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-023-09770-7
47. Zhou, W. (2023). The Problem of Teacher Attrition and Management Countermeasures in Private Universities - A Case Study of Yunnan College of Business Management. SIAM UNIVERSITY.
48. Zhu, X., Shen, L., Du, P., & Guan, J. (2021). The mediating role of psychological capital between Dayadi stress and job burnout in female nurses with two children. Translational Pediatrics, 10(10), 2449.

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How to cite

Tan, Y., & Ismail, S. A. (2025). Analysis of determinants affecting turnover intention in private higher education in China. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, (| Accepted Articles). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025553

[1] Aduma, P. O., Owan, V. J., Akah, L. U., Alawa, D. A., Apie, M. A., Ogabor, J. O., Olofu, M. A., Unimna, F. A., Ebuara, V. O., Essien, E. E., & Essien, C. K. (2022). Interactive Analysis of Demographic Variables and Occupational Stress on University Lecturers’ Job Performance. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 10(2), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.18488/73.v10i2.2952

[2] Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

[3] Becker, J.-M., Cheah, J.-H., Gholamzade, R., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2023). PLS-SEM’s most wanted guidance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2022-0474

[4] Cain, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K.-H. (2017). Univariate and multivariate skewness and kurtosis for measuring nonnormality: Prevalence, influence and estimation. Behavior Research Methods, 49(5), 1716–1735. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0814-1

[5] Cao, J., Liu, J., & Wong, J. W. C. (2023). JD-R Model on Job Insecurity and the Moderating Effect of COVID-19 Perceived Susceptibility. Current Psychology, 43(18), 16890–16904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04646-6

[6] Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018

[7] Chong, C. A., Ng, L. P., & Chen, I.-C. (2024). The impact of job insecurity on job burnout among hospitality employees during COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating role of supervisor and co-worker support. International Hospitality Review, 38(1), 160–181.

[8] Enzmann, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Janssen, P., & Rozeman, A. (1998). Dimensionality and validity of the Burnout Measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71(4), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00680.x

[9] Ferguson, N. M., Laydon, D., Nedjati-Gilani, G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunubá, Z., & Cuomo-Dannenburg, G. (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, 20(10.25561), 77482.

[10] Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: a comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515

[11] Freitas, M., Moreira, A., & Ramos, F. (2023). Occupational Stress and Turnover Intentions in Employees of the Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority: Mediating Effect of Burnout and Moderating Effect of Motivation. Administrative Sciences, 13(12), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13120251

[12] Hahn, E. D., & Ang, S. H. (2017). From the editors: New directions in the reporting of statistical results in the Journal of World Business. Journal of World Business, 52(2), 125–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.12.003

[13] Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage Publications Inc.

[14] Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7

[15] Han, W.-S., Kim, J., Park, J. H., & Lee, M. H. (2022). Influential Effects of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Job Stress and Burnout Among General Hospital Administrative Staff. Healthcare, 10(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020194

[16] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

[17] Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513

[18] Ibrahim Fallatah, M., & Mohammed Halawani, J. (2023). The Impact of Privatization on Employee Job Insecurity: The Case of the Healthcare Sector in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Management, 18(6), 65. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v18n6p65

[19] Ismail, H. (2015). Job insecurity, burnout and intention to quit. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(4).

[20] Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

[21] Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302

[22] Lei, W., Li, J., Li, Y., Castaño, G., Yang, M., & Zou, B. (2021). The boundary conditions under which teaching–research conflict leads to university teachers’ job burnout. Studies in Higher Education, 46(2), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1811218

[23] Leone, M. C., Lambert, E. G., Keena, L. D., Hayes, S. H., & May, D. (2023). Examining the Effects of Key Workplace Variables on Job Burnout of Southern Prison Staff. The Prison Journal, 104(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/00328855231222441

[24] Malach-Pines, A. (2005). The Burnout Measure, Short Version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78

[25] Marcatto, F., Di Blas, L., Luis, O., Festa, S., & Ferrante, D. (2022). The Perceived Occupational Stress Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(4), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000677

[26] Maseri, M., Tajuddin, D., & Monil, M. (2022). Job Demand, Job Resources, Burnout, and Turnover Intention among Lecturers in Private Higher Institutions in Sabah. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i8/14718

[27] Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Burnout. In Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 351–357). Elsevier.

[28] Mohammed, S. S., Suleyman, C., & Taylan, B. (2020). Burnout determinants and consequences among university lecturers. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 13–24.

[29] Njiraine, D. (2019). Financial Incentive as a Yardstick for Employee Performance: The Case of University of Nairobi. European Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-8-10

[30] Pei, S., Wang, S., Jiang, R., Guo, J., & Ni, J. (2024). How work stress influence turnover intention among Chinese local undergraduate university teachers: the mediating effect of job burnout and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1308486

[31] Rahman, M. A., Das, P., Lam, L., Alif, S. M., Sultana, F., Salehin, M., Banik, B., Joseph, B., Parul, P., Lewis, A., Statham, D., Porter, J., Foster, K., Islam, S. M. S., Cross, W., Jacob, A., Hua, S., Wang, Q., Chair, Sek. Ying., … Polman, R. (2024). Health and Wellbeing of Staff Working at Higher Education Institutions Globally During the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Period: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977428/v1

[32] Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An Updated Guide and Practical Guide to Statistical Analysis (2nd ed.). Pearson.

[33] Roll, L. C., Siu, O. L., Li, S. Y. W., & Witte, H. De. (2019). Human Error: The Impact of Job Insecurity on Attention-Related Cognitive Errors and Error Detection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132427

[34] Rungtusanatham, M., Miller, J. W., & Boyer, K. K. (2014). Theorizing, testing, and concluding for mediation in SCM research: Tutorial and procedural recommendations. Journal of Operations Management, 32(3), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.01.002

[35] Shah, S. H. A., Haider, A., Jindong, J., Mumtaz, A., & Rafiq, N. (2022). The Impact of Job Stress and State Anger on Turnover Intention Among Nurses During COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810378

[36] Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Velasquez Estrada, J. M., & Chatla, S. B. (2016). The elephant in the room: Predictive performance of PLS models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552–4564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.049

[37] Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189

[38] Tijani, B., Jin, X., & Osei-Kyei, R. (2020). A systematic review of mental stressors in the construction industry. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 39(2), 433–460.

[39] Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2014). The Job Insecurity Scale: A psychometric evaluation across five European countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.745989

[40] Wang, P., Chu, P., Wang, J., Pan, R., Sun, Y., Yan, M., Jiao, L., Zhan, X., & Zhang, D. (2020). Association Between Job Stress and Organizational Commitment in Three Types of Chinese University Teachers: Mediating Effects of Job Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576768

[41] Wang, Z. (2024). Achieving Universal Higher Education in China: Characteristics, Challenges, and Future Directions. Pacific International Journal, 6(4), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6i4.490

[42] Wayne, S., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/257021

[43] Wen, B., Zhou, X., Hu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). Role Stress and Turnover Intention of Front-Line Hotel Employees: The Roles of Burnout and Service Climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00036

[44] Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750

[45] Yu, S., Gong, X., & Wu, N. (2020). Job Insecurity and Employee Engagement: A Moderated Dual Path Model. Sustainability, 12(23), 10081. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310081

[46] Zhao, P., Yuan, J., & Hu, Y. (2024). Work Hours, Job Resources and Subjective Well-Being of Chinese Faculty: An Empirical Analysis Based on a Sequential Mediation Model. Research in Higher Education, 65(5), 965–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-023-09770-7

[47] Zhou, W. (2023). The Problem of Teacher Attrition and Management Countermeasures in Private Universities - A Case Study of Yunnan College of Business Management. SIAM UNIVERSITY.

[48] Zhu, X., Shen, L., Du, P., & Guan, J. (2021). The mediating role of psychological capital between Dayadi stress and job burnout in female nurses with two children. Translational Pediatrics, 10(10), 2449.

Abstract

References

How to cite