The strategic position of social and economic approaches to deradicalization programs in Indonesia

Gonda Yumitro; Rizki Febriani; Ali Roziqin; Nurdiana Abhiyoga

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025490

Keywords:

Abstract

This article explains the strategic position of the social and economic approach in Indonesia's deradicalization program. This is important and interesting as an effort to reintegrate former terrorists into society. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. Data were obtained by interviewing several stakeholders in the deradicalization program. In addition, the author conducted a literature review using the Scopus database and published or preserved it. The findings in this study indicate that a social approach with family and community support plays an essential role in preventing individuals from rejoining terrorist groups. The economic approach can make former terrorists more focused on living their normal future lives with society. This program must involve stakeholders such as the government, family, community, entrepreneurs, and former terrorists.
References
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2. Akins, J. K., & Winfree Jr., L. T. (2017). Social Learning Theory and Becoming a Terrorist: New Challenges for a General Theory. In The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism (pp. 133–149). wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986.ch8
3. Azinge-Egbiri, N. V. (2021). Regulating and combating money laundering and terrorist financing: The law in emerging economies. In Regulating and Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing: The Law in Emerging Economies. Taylor and Francis Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003017158
4. Cherney, A., & Belton, E. (2020). Assessing intervention outcomes targeting radicalised offenders: Testing the pro integration model of extremist disengagement as an evaluation tool. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide, 13(3), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1680854
5. Duits, N., Alberda, D. L., & Kempes, M. (2022). Psychopathology of Young Terrorist Offenders, and the Interaction With Ideology and Grievances. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.801751
6. Ejiofor, P. F. (2022). ‘Fulanis are foreign terrorists’: the social construction of a suspect community in the Sahel. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(2), 333–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2021.2015841
7. Feddes, A. R., Nickolson, L., Mann, L., & Doosje, B. (2020). Psychological perspectives on radicalization. In Psychological Perspectives on Radicalization. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178837
8. Fransiskus, M., & Heliati, R. (2019). Keterkaitan Antara Terorisme Dengan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia Tahun 1985-2017. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 19(1), 63–74.
9. Gelot, L. (2020). Deradicalization as Soft Counter-insurgency: Distorted Interactions Between Somali Traditional Authorities and Intervening Organizations. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 14(2), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1734390
10. Ghannouchi, R. (2020). Deradicalization through religious education. In Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement (pp. 156–162). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315387420-13
11. Hafez, M., & Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 38(11), 958–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375
12. Hakim, A., & Nur, I. (2020). Pro-Kontra Pemulangan Warga Negara Indonesia Eks ISIS. Al Daulah, 9(1), 81–98.
13. Hettiarachchi, M. (2019). Deradicalization of terrorist detainees and inmates: A soft approach to counter terrorism. In Terrorism and Insurgency in Asia: A Contemporary Examination of Terrorist and Separatist Movements (pp. 214–230). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429031038-15
14. Intan, B. F., & Bangun, C. (2022). Principled Pluralism and the Prevention of Religious Terrorism in Indonesia. Religions, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13050429
15. Ipandang, & Umiarso. (2021). The Principles of Islamic Law and the Deradicalization of Convicted Terrorists. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies, 13(3), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v13.i3.7882
16. Ishaku, B., Aksit, S., & Maza, K. D. (2021). The role of faith-based organizations in counter-radicalization in nigeria: The case of boko haram. Religions, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111003
17. Jasko, K., Lafree, G., Piazza, J. A., & Becker, M. H. (2022). Islamist extremists in the United States and the world. Pnas, 119(30), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122593119/-/DCSupplemental.Published
18. Jayakumar, S. (2021). Research Note: Singapore’s “Deradicalisation” Model: Revolution – or Evolutions? Journal for Deradicalization, 26, 227–246.
19. Koehler, D., & Fiebig, V. (2019). Knowing what to do: Academic and practitioner understanding of how to counter violent radicalization. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13(3), 44–62.
20. Mareta, J. (2018). Rehabilitasi Dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi Narapidana Terorisme. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 47(4), 338. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.47.4.2018.338-356
21. McCauley, C. (2020). The ABC Model: Commentary from the Perspective of the Two Pyramids Model of Radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1763964
22. Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2021). QAiion: Radical Opinion versus Radical Action. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 142–146.
23. Muhammad Noor, A., & Fauziyah, N. (2022). Humanistic Deradicalization by Abraham Maslow Approach: (Terrorism Counter-measures Strategy in Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation). TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, 21(1), 125–149.
24. Muluk, H., Umam, A. N., & Milla, M. N. (2020). Insights from a deradicalization program in Indonesian prisons: The potential benefits of psychological intervention prior to ideological discussion. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12392
25. Narang, C. E. (2019). Socio-Economic Discrimination and Processes of Securitisation as Catalysts of Radicalisation among Franco-Maghrebis. Undergraduate Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.22599/ujpir.102
26. Naylor, J. C., Wagner, H. R., Johnston, C., Elbogen, E. E., Brancu, M., Marx, C. E., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Dedert, E., Fairbank, J. A., Kilts, J. D., Kimbrel, N. A., Kirby, A., Moore, S. D., Tupler, L. A., Hurley, R., McDonald, S. D., Taber, K. H., Morey, R., … Group, V. A. M.-A. M. W. V. W. (2019). Pain Intensity and Pain Interference in Male and Female Iraq/Afghanistan-era Veterans. Women’s Health Issues, 29, S24–S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.015
27. Nidhika, Arya., Kavita, M. (2024). Role of Educational Institutions And Teachers In Combating Radicalization. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research.
28. Priyanto, S., Dermawan, M. K., & Runturambi, A. J. S. (2020). Islah as the key success of terrorist disengagement process in Indonesia. Journal of Al-Tamaddun, 15(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.22452/JAT.vol15no1.11
29. Pujiyono. (2020). Ex-terrorist deradicalization in Indonesia through economic empowerment. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 5019–5025.
30. Pujiyono, & Rukmono, B. S. (2020). Ex-terrorist deradicalization in Indonesia through economic empowerment. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 5019–5025.
31. Richards, A. (2018). Defining terrorism. Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315744636
32. Rusyidi, B., Fedryansyah, M., & Mulyana, N. (2019). Pekerjaan Sosial Dan Penanganan Terorisme. Sosio Informa, 5(2), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v5i2.1765
33. Setiyono, J., & Rasyid, S. (2022). Counter-narrative strategies in deradicalisation: A content analysis of Indonesia’s anti-terrorism laws. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7791
34. Suzuki, S. (2020). Multiculturalism or Cultural Nationalism? Representation of Ellie Kameyama as a Conduit and the Other in the NHK Morning Drama Massan. Japanese Studies, 40(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2020.1735932
35. Syauqillah, M., & Hayatullah, I. K. (2021). Empowerment of Ex-Terrorist Prisoners with a Sharia Economic Approach. LIkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 20(5), 6555–6566. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.743
36. Taba, T. A., & Santoso, I. (2024). Dynamics Of Legal Policy On Radicalization And Deradicalization Of Terrorism Prisoners. Journal of Social Research, 3(8), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v3i8.2212
37. Vergani, M., Mansouri, F., & Orellana, L. (2022). Terrorism concern and persistence of negative attitudes towards Islam and Muslims. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 32(6), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2633
38. Weimann, G., & Vellante, A. (2021). The Dead Drops Of Online Terrorism: How Jihadists Use Anonymous Online Platforms. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(4), 39–53.
39. Wibisono, A. A., & Kusumasomantri, A. R. (2020). Assessing the expectations and limitations of asean-eu counter-terrorism cooperation. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 8(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v8i1.6171
40. Wibowo, H. A., Soedarwo, V. S. D., & Yumitro, G. (2023). Social Capital of Former Terrorist Convicts (Ex-Napiter) in the Deradicalization Program in East Java. International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 10(12), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.1012003
41. Widyaningsih, R., Kuntarto, K., & Chamadi, M. (2020). Community-based Prevention of Radicalism: Psychosocial Perspective of Radicalism in Indonesia. January 2019. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-8-2019.2289786
42. Winter, C., Neumann, P., Meleagrou-Hitchens, A., Ranstorp, M., Vidino, L., & Fürst, J. (2020). Online extremism: Research trends in internet activism, radicalization, and counter-strategies. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3809
43. Yuliyanto, Y., Michael, D., & Utami, P. N. (2021). Deradikalisasi Narapidana Teroris melalui Individual Treatment. Jurnal HAM, 12(2), 193. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2021.12.193-208

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How to cite

Yumitro, G., Febriani, R., Roziqin, A., & Abhiyoga, N. (2025). The strategic position of social and economic approaches to deradicalization programs in Indonesia. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, (| Accepted Articles). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025490

[1] Ahmad Zainal Mustofa. (2023). Deradicalization Of Terrorism In Indonesia As An Effort To Guarantee National Security. Historical: Journal of History and Social Sciences, 2(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.58355/historical.v2i2.54

[2] Akins, J. K., & Winfree Jr., L. T. (2017). Social Learning Theory and Becoming a Terrorist: New Challenges for a General Theory. In The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism (pp. 133–149). wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986.ch8

[3] Azinge-Egbiri, N. V. (2021). Regulating and combating money laundering and terrorist financing: The law in emerging economies. In Regulating and Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing: The Law in Emerging Economies. Taylor and Francis Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003017158

[4] Cherney, A., & Belton, E. (2020). Assessing intervention outcomes targeting radicalised offenders: Testing the pro integration model of extremist disengagement as an evaluation tool. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide, 13(3), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1680854

[5] Duits, N., Alberda, D. L., & Kempes, M. (2022). Psychopathology of Young Terrorist Offenders, and the Interaction With Ideology and Grievances. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.801751

[6] Ejiofor, P. F. (2022). ‘Fulanis are foreign terrorists’: the social construction of a suspect community in the Sahel. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(2), 333–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2021.2015841

[7] Feddes, A. R., Nickolson, L., Mann, L., & Doosje, B. (2020). Psychological perspectives on radicalization. In Psychological Perspectives on Radicalization. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178837

[8] Fransiskus, M., & Heliati, R. (2019). Keterkaitan Antara Terorisme Dengan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia Tahun 1985-2017. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 19(1), 63–74.

[9] Gelot, L. (2020). Deradicalization as Soft Counter-insurgency: Distorted Interactions Between Somali Traditional Authorities and Intervening Organizations. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 14(2), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1734390

[10] Ghannouchi, R. (2020). Deradicalization through religious education. In Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement (pp. 156–162). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315387420-13

[11] Hafez, M., & Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 38(11), 958–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375

[12] Hakim, A., & Nur, I. (2020). Pro-Kontra Pemulangan Warga Negara Indonesia Eks ISIS. Al Daulah, 9(1), 81–98.

[13] Hettiarachchi, M. (2019). Deradicalization of terrorist detainees and inmates: A soft approach to counter terrorism. In Terrorism and Insurgency in Asia: A Contemporary Examination of Terrorist and Separatist Movements (pp. 214–230). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429031038-15

[14] Intan, B. F., & Bangun, C. (2022). Principled Pluralism and the Prevention of Religious Terrorism in Indonesia. Religions, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13050429

[15] Ipandang, & Umiarso. (2021). The Principles of Islamic Law and the Deradicalization of Convicted Terrorists. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies, 13(3), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v13.i3.7882

[16] Ishaku, B., Aksit, S., & Maza, K. D. (2021). The role of faith-based organizations in counter-radicalization in nigeria: The case of boko haram. Religions, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111003

[17] Jasko, K., Lafree, G., Piazza, J. A., & Becker, M. H. (2022). Islamist extremists in the United States and the world. Pnas, 119(30), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122593119/-/DCSupplemental.Published

[18] Jayakumar, S. (2021). Research Note: Singapore’s “Deradicalisation” Model: Revolution – or Evolutions? Journal for Deradicalization, 26, 227–246.

[19] Koehler, D., & Fiebig, V. (2019). Knowing what to do: Academic and practitioner understanding of how to counter violent radicalization. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13(3), 44–62.

[20] Mareta, J. (2018). Rehabilitasi Dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi Narapidana Terorisme. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 47(4), 338. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.47.4.2018.338-356

[21] McCauley, C. (2020). The ABC Model: Commentary from the Perspective of the Two Pyramids Model of Radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1763964

[22] Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2021). QAiion: Radical Opinion versus Radical Action. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 142–146.

[23] Muhammad Noor, A., & Fauziyah, N. (2022). Humanistic Deradicalization by Abraham Maslow Approach: (Terrorism Counter-measures Strategy in Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation). TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, 21(1), 125–149.

[24] Muluk, H., Umam, A. N., & Milla, M. N. (2020). Insights from a deradicalization program in Indonesian prisons: The potential benefits of psychological intervention prior to ideological discussion. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12392

[25] Narang, C. E. (2019). Socio-Economic Discrimination and Processes of Securitisation as Catalysts of Radicalisation among Franco-Maghrebis. Undergraduate Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.22599/ujpir.102

[26] Naylor, J. C., Wagner, H. R., Johnston, C., Elbogen, E. E., Brancu, M., Marx, C. E., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Dedert, E., Fairbank, J. A., Kilts, J. D., Kimbrel, N. A., Kirby, A., Moore, S. D., Tupler, L. A., Hurley, R., McDonald, S. D., Taber, K. H., Morey, R., … Group, V. A. M.-A. M. W. V. W. (2019). Pain Intensity and Pain Interference in Male and Female Iraq/Afghanistan-era Veterans. Women’s Health Issues, 29, S24–S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.015

[27] Nidhika, Arya., Kavita, M. (2024). Role of Educational Institutions And Teachers In Combating Radicalization. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research.

[28] Priyanto, S., Dermawan, M. K., & Runturambi, A. J. S. (2020). Islah as the key success of terrorist disengagement process in Indonesia. Journal of Al-Tamaddun, 15(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.22452/JAT.vol15no1.11

[29] Pujiyono. (2020). Ex-terrorist deradicalization in Indonesia through economic empowerment. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 5019–5025.

[30] Pujiyono, & Rukmono, B. S. (2020). Ex-terrorist deradicalization in Indonesia through economic empowerment. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 5019–5025.

[31] Richards, A. (2018). Defining terrorism. Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315744636

[32] Rusyidi, B., Fedryansyah, M., & Mulyana, N. (2019). Pekerjaan Sosial Dan Penanganan Terorisme. Sosio Informa, 5(2), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v5i2.1765

[33] Setiyono, J., & Rasyid, S. (2022). Counter-narrative strategies in deradicalisation: A content analysis of Indonesia’s anti-terrorism laws. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7791

[34] Suzuki, S. (2020). Multiculturalism or Cultural Nationalism? Representation of Ellie Kameyama as a Conduit and the Other in the NHK Morning Drama Massan. Japanese Studies, 40(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2020.1735932

[35] Syauqillah, M., & Hayatullah, I. K. (2021). Empowerment of Ex-Terrorist Prisoners with a Sharia Economic Approach. LIkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 20(5), 6555–6566. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.743

[36] Taba, T. A., & Santoso, I. (2024). Dynamics Of Legal Policy On Radicalization And Deradicalization Of Terrorism Prisoners. Journal of Social Research, 3(8), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v3i8.2212

[37] Vergani, M., Mansouri, F., & Orellana, L. (2022). Terrorism concern and persistence of negative attitudes towards Islam and Muslims. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 32(6), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2633

[38] Weimann, G., & Vellante, A. (2021). The Dead Drops Of Online Terrorism: How Jihadists Use Anonymous Online Platforms. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(4), 39–53.

[39] Wibisono, A. A., & Kusumasomantri, A. R. (2020). Assessing the expectations and limitations of asean-eu counter-terrorism cooperation. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 8(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v8i1.6171

[40] Wibowo, H. A., Soedarwo, V. S. D., & Yumitro, G. (2023). Social Capital of Former Terrorist Convicts (Ex-Napiter) in the Deradicalization Program in East Java. International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 10(12), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.1012003

[41] Widyaningsih, R., Kuntarto, K., & Chamadi, M. (2020). Community-based Prevention of Radicalism: Psychosocial Perspective of Radicalism in Indonesia. January 2019. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-8-2019.2289786

[42] Winter, C., Neumann, P., Meleagrou-Hitchens, A., Ranstorp, M., Vidino, L., & Fürst, J. (2020). Online extremism: Research trends in internet activism, radicalization, and counter-strategies. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3809

[43] Yuliyanto, Y., Michael, D., & Utami, P. N. (2021). Deradikalisasi Narapidana Teroris melalui Individual Treatment. Jurnal HAM, 12(2), 193. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2021.12.193-208

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References

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