Keywords:
gender
career decision-making self-efficacy
career-related parent support

  • Abstract

    Career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) plays a different role in each person's career development. The role of social support, including family, has also been mentioned in many studies as a factor influencing CDMSE. Additionally, the role of gender as a moderating factor in the relationship between Career-related parent support (CRPS) and CDMSE remains unexplored in existing research. This study seeks to find the current state of Career decision-making self-efficacy and Career-related parent support and to examine the effect of Career-related parent support on Career decision-making self-efficacy among Vietnamese student participants. Data were collected from 348 students studying at Vietnam National University, Hanoi. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and Jamovi version 2.4.11. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis confirm that CRPS is positively correlated with students' CDMSE (r = .31, p < 0.01). Regression analysis reveals that Career-related parent support has a statistically significant effect on students' Career decision-making self-efficacy (β = .3, p < .01). Among the four components, "Verbal encouragement" exerts a statistically significant effect on CDMSE (β = .21, p < .01), while the remaining components do not demonstrate a statistically significant impact (p > .05). Gender is not a moderator in the positive relationship of CRPS on CDMSE (p > .05). Research’s results suggest that interventions to enhance CDMSE should focus on promoting verbal encouragement from parents. Furthermore, the uniform impact of CRPS across genders simplifies the design and implementation of such interventions, allowing them to be broadly applicable without the need for gender-specific adaptations.

  • References

    1. Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage
    2. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall inc
    3. Barnes, G. M., Reifman, A. S., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2000). The effects of parenting on the development of adolescent alcohol misuse: A six-wave latent growth model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00175.x
    4. Betz, N. E., Klein K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the career decision-making self-efficacy scale. Journal of career assessment, 4(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400103
    5. Betz, N.E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in College women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(5), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399
    6. Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. (2014). A psychometric evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form with Turkish university students. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(2), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713484561
    7. Camarero-Figuerola, M., Dueñas, J. M., & Renta-Davids, A. I. (2020). The Relationship between Family Involvement and Academic Variables: A Systematic Review. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 5(2), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.05.02.4
    8. Chasanah, A. M. & Salim R. M. A. (2019). Parental support, career exploration, and career decision-making self-efficacy in Junior High School students. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 34(4), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v34i4.2581
    9. Cheung, F. (2024). Career self-efficacy as a mediator between career-specific parental behaviors and school career support on career doubt. BMC psychology, 12(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01536-9
    10. Cheung, R., & Arnold, J. (2010). Antecedents of career exploration among Hong Kong Chinese university students: Testing contextual and developmental variables. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.006
    11. Chemers, M. M., Hu, L. T., & Garcia, B. F. (2001). Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational psychology, 93(1), 55-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55
    12. Chiesa, R., Massei, F., & Guglielmi, D. (2016). Career decision‐making self‐efficacy change in Italian high school students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12077
    13. Creed, P. A., Patton, W., & Bartrum, D. (2004). Internal and external barriers, cognitive style, and the career development variables of focus and indecision. Journal of Career Development, 30(4), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCD.0000025116.17855.ea
    14. Dandy, J., & Nettelbeck, T. (2002). A cross-cultural study of parents' academic standards and educational aspirations for their children. Educational Psychology, 22(5), 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341022000023662
    15. Dietrich, J., & Kracke, B. (2009). Career-specific parental behaviors in adolescents’development. Journal of vocational behavior, 75(2), 109-119
    16. Duffy, R. D., Douglass, R. P., & Autin, K. L. (2015). Career adaptability and academic satisfaction: Examining work volition and self efficacy as mediators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.007
    17. Fouad, N. A., Kim, S. Y., Ghosh, A., Chang, W. H., & Figueiredo, C. (2016). Family influence on career decision making: Validation in India and the United States. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(1), 197-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714565782
    18. Gore, P. A., & Leuwerke, W. C. (2000). Predicting occupational considerations: A comparison of self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and person-environment congruence. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270000800303
    19. Guan, P., Capezio, A., Restubog, S. L. D., Read, S., Lajom, J. A. L., & Li, M. (2016). The role of traditionality in the relationships among parental support, career decision-making self-efficacy and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.018
    20. Gushue, G. V., & Whitson, M. L. (2006). The relationship among support, ethnic identity, career decision self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in African American high school students: Applying social cognitive career theory. Journal of Career Development, 33(2), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845306293416
    21. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 1(2).
    22. Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online readings in psychology and culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
    23. Hui, K., & Lent, R. W. (2018). The roles of family, culture, and social cognitive variables in the career interests and goals of Asian American college students. Journal of counseling psychology, 65(1), 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000235
    24. Iacopini, L., & Hayden, M. (2017). The role of parents in university choice: Evidence from Vietnam. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 26, 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-017-0335-4
    25. Jiang, R., Fan, R., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). Understanding the serial mediating effects of career adaptability and career decision-making self-efficacy between parental autonomy support and academic engagement in Chinese secondary vocational students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 953550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.953550
    26. Jodl, K. M., Michael, A., Malanchuk, O., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2001). Parents' roles in shaping early adolescents' occupational aspirations. Child development, 72(4), 1247-1266. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00345
    27. Kim, S. Y., Ahn, T., & Fouad, N. (2016). Family influence on Korean students’ career decisions: A social cognitive perspective. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(3), 513-526. Doi: 10.1177/1069072715599403
    28. Koçak, O., Ak, N., Erdem, S. S., Sinan, M., Younis, M. Z., & Erdoğan, A. (2021). The role of family influence and academic satisfaction on career decision-making self-efficacy and happiness. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(11), 5919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115919
    29. Lee, S., Jung, J., Baek, S., & Lee, S. (2022). The relationship between career decision-making self-efficacy, career preparation behaviour and career decision difficulties among South Korean college students. Sustainability, 14(21), 14384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114384
    30. Lent, R. W., Brown S. D., & Hackett G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of vocational behavior, 45(1), 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027.
    31. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of counseling psychology, 47(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.36
    32. Li S., Pan Q., & Nie Y. (2022). The impact of career - related parental behaviors on career decision - making self - effectiveness and ambivalence-A latent growth model. Journal of Adolescence, 94 (7), 981-995. Doi: 10.1002/jad.12079
    33. Li, S., Pan, Q., & Nie, Y. (2023). The relationship between parental career-related factors and adolescents’ ambivalence in career decision-making: A longitudinal mediation study. Journal of Career Assessment, 31(2), 262-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727221107678
    34. Lv, B., Wang, J., Zheng, Y., Peng, X., & Ping, X. (2022). Gender differences in high school students' STEM career expectations: An analysis based on multi‐group structural equation model. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 59(10), 1739-1764. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21772
    35. Michael, R., Most, T., & Cinamon, R. G. (2013). The contribution of perceived parental support to the career self-efficacy of deaf, hard-of-hearing, and hearing adolescents. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 18(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/ent012
    36. Michaeli, Y., Dickson, D. J., & Shulman, S. (2018). Parental and nonparental career-related support among young adults: Antecedents and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Career Development, 45(2), 150-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316671428
    37. Miles, J., & Naidoo, A. V. (2017). The impact of a career intervention programme on South African Grade 11 learners’ career decision-making self-efficacy. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316654804
    38. Nhung, N. T.K., Vinh T.T. D (2018). Evaluation of factors affecting career orientation of high school students in Nghe An. Education Journal, 431, 27-31/ Nhung, N. T. K., Vinh, T. T. Đ. Đanh gia cac yeu to anh huong den dinh huong nghe nghiep cua hoc sinh trung hoc pho thong tai Nghe An. Tạp chi giao duc, 431, 27-31 [in Vietnam]
    39. Patel, S. G., Salahuddin, N. M., & O'Brien, K. M. (2008). Career decision-making self-efficacy of Vietnamese adolescents: The role of acculturation, social support, socioeconomic status, and racism. Journal of Career Development, 34(3), 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845307308488
    40. Phan, L. T., & Leksansern A. (2021). An application of Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form among Vietnamese medical students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10, 415. Doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_307_21
    41. Sandra, E., & Mularsih H. (2021). The Role of Self-Efficacy in Career Decision Making Among Graduated Students from Vocational High Schools in Jakarta. In International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021), 570, 1064-1068. Atlantis Press. Doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.210805.167
    42. Sawitri, D. R.,& Creed P. A. (2015) Perceived career congruence between adolescents and their parents as a moderator between goal orientation and career aspirations. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.061
    43. Schultheiss, D. (2007). Career development in the context of children's and adolescents' relationships. In Skorikov, Vladimir & Patton, Wendy (Eds.). Career development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 169-180). Sense Publishers. The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1163/ 9789460911392_011
    44. Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum
    45. Son, H.V. (2011). Trends in choosing a career of middle school students and high school students in Binh Duong province today. Journal of Science, 31, 125-131. Son, H. V. (2011). Xu huong chon nghe nghiep cua hoc sinh cuoi cap trung hoc co so va hoc sinh trung hoc pho thong tinh Binh Duong hien nay. Tap chi khoa hoc, 31, 125-131. https://doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.0.31.1743(2011) [in Vietnam]
    46. Stead, G.B., LaVeck L.M., & Hurtado Rua, S.M. (2022). Career adaptability and career decision self-efficacy: Meta-analysis. Journal of Career Development, 49 (4), 951-964. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211012477
    47. Taylor, K. M., & Betz N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of vocational behavior, 22(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90006-4
    48. Turner, S. L., Alliman-Brissett, A., Lapan, R. T., Udipi, S., & Ergun, D. (2003). The career-related parent support scale. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 36(2), 83-94
    49. Wanberg, C. R., Zhu, J., & Van Hooft, E. A. (2010). The job search grind: Perceived progress, self-reactions, and self-regulation of search effort. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 788-807. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814599
    50. Wang, N., Luan, Y., Zhao, G., & Ma, R. (2023). The antecedents of career decision self-efficacy: a meta-analysis on 20 years of research. Career Development International, 28(6/7), 633-648. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-04-2023-0092
    51. Whiston, S. C., & Keller, B. K. (2004). The influences of the family of origin on career development: A review and analysis. The counseling psychologist, 32(4), 493-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004265660
    52. Zhang, J., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2021). Career‐related parental support, vocational identity, and career adaptability: Interrelationships and gender differences. The Career Development Quarterly, 69(2), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12254
    53. Zhou, D., Peng, Z., & Zhou, H. (2023). The influence of career decision-making self-efficacy on employability of higher vocational students: mediated by emotional intelligence. In Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1274430
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2025 The Authors

How to cite

Loan, L. T. M., Thu, N. T. A., Thanh, T. T. P., & Hoang, N. H. (2025). Career-related parent support and career decision-making self-efficacy among Vietnamese university students: The moderating role of gender. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(8), 2025382. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025382
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
  • Article viewed - 291
  • PDF downloaded - 102