Fethullah Gulen Movement of Turkey in Nigeria and its impact on bilateral relations with faith-based organisations

Bashir Tahir Usman; Bakri Mat; Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025430

Keywords:

fethullah gulen movement

faith-based organisations

bilateral relations

turkey

Nigeria

Abstract

Faith-based organizations have garnered significant attention in International Relations studies, reflecting their growing influence in contemporary global politics, particularly in development, conflict resolution, forced migration, and social welfare. This paper examines the Fethullah Gulen Movement's involvement in Nigeria and its impact on bilateral relations, focusing on faith-based organizations' roles. The study employs complex interdependence, equilibrium, and social movement theories as its theoretical framework. Qualitative data were collected from participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal Nigeria's cordial relationships with Turkey across multiple fronts, despite changes in some Turkish businesses in Nigeria following the 2016 failed coup. Notably, the coup did not diminish the Gulen movement's activities in Nigeria but led to operational transformations. This study recommends that Nigeria engage state and non-state actors diplomatically, avoiding conflicts and human rights breaches. To maintain sovereignty, Nigeria should refrain from foreign interference in domestic issues. Further research should investigate the Gulen movement's economic development, scholarship, healthcare, and humanitarian work. Future researchers should prioritize participant orientation to overcome informant reluctance from fears of undercover security agents gathering intelligence.
References
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38. Komino, T. (2014). Community resilience: why it matters and what we can do. The Ecumenical Review, 66(3), 324-330.
39. Kurti, L., Whelan, A., &Zwi, A. (2004). Faith in international development: Evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based NGOs. Dev Bull, 65, 72-75
40. Laanani, K., Gianesello, S., Desmidt, S., & Ismailbekova, A. (2023). Understanding Islamic activism in Central Asia and West Africa and the Sahel.
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61. Zukauskas, P., Vveinhardt, J., &Andriukaitienė, R. (2018). Philosophy and paradigm of scientific research. Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility, 121.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Usman, B. T., Mat, B., & Pero, S. D. M. (2025). Fethullah Gulen Movement of Turkey in Nigeria and its impact on bilateral relations with faith-based organisations. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(9), 2025430. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025430

[1] Adler, P., du Gay, P., Morgan, G., Reed, M., Weber, K., & King, B. (2015). “Social Movement Theory and Organization Studies”. In Adler, P., du Gay, P., Morgan, G., Reed, M., Weber, K., & King, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sociology, Social Theory, and Organization Studies, pp.1–10. New York: Oxford University Press.

[2] Adler, P., du Gay, P., Morgan, G., Reed, M., Weber, K., & King, B. (2015). Social Movement Theory and Organization Studies. In The Oxford Handbook of Sociology, Social Theory, and Organization Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199671083.013.0021

[3] Aileman, A. (2021). Nigeria-Turkey Trade Volume to Hit $5 Billion Soon-Erdogan. BusinessDay (Oct 20, 2021). Retrieved from https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-turkey-trade-volume-to-hit-5b-soon-erdogan/ on 17th November 2022 at 10:31 pm.

[4] Angey, G. (2018). The Gülen Movement and the Transfer of a Political Conflict from Turkey to Senegal. Politics, Religion & Ideology. 19(1), 53–68.

[5] Baiyeri, H. B. (2013). The role of Faith-based organizations (FBOs) in Human Development: A study of Kogi State. Doctoral dissertation, MSc Thesis Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, Faculty of the Social Science University of Nigeria Nsukka [online][viewed 8 January 2020].

[6] Balkan, N., Balkan, E., & Öncü, A. (2015). The neoliberal landscape and the rise of Islamist capital in Turkey. In The Neoliberal Landscape and the Rise of Islamist Capital in Turkey. https://doi.org/10.1080/23760818.2016.1201249

[7] Balkan, N., Balkan, E., & Öncü, A. (2015). The Neoliberal Landscape and the Rise of Islamist Capital in Turkey (Vol. 14). Oxford: Berghahn Books.

[8] Bashir, H.A. (2018). Nigeria-Turkey Relations: An Overview. European Scientific Journal. 14(35), 247–257.

[9] Bayat, A. (2005). Islamism and Social Movement Theory. Third World Quarterly. 26(6), 891–908.

[10] Bayat, A. (2005). Islamism and social movement theory. Third World Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590500089240

[11] Bernard, H. R., & Ryan, G.W. (2010). Analysing Qualitative Data, a Systematic Approaches (4th Ed). New York: Thousand Oaks.

[12] Besenyő, J., & Oláh, P. (2012). One of the new competitors in Africa is Turkey. Academic and Applied Research in Public Management Science, 11(1), 135-148.

[13] Bishku, M.B. (2021). Nigeria and the Muslim Middle East: Historical, Political, Economic, and Cultural Ties. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1924542.

[14] Bozbey, İ. A. (2023). The Domination of the Tablighi Jamaat in the Semi-Competitive Religious Market in Kyrgyzstan: A Religious Market Approach.

[15] Bradley, T. (2005). Does Compassion Bring Results? A Critical Perspective on Faith And Development. Culture and Religion, 6(3), 337–351.

[16] Buechler, S. M. (1995). New Social Movement Theories. Sociological Quarterly. 36(3), 441–464.

[17] Buechler, S. M. (1995). NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORIES. Sociological Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00447.x

[18] Coleman, J. S. (1986). Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action. American Journal of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1086/228423

[19] Creswell, J. W. & Clark, J. (2017). Understanding Research: A Consumer’s Guide (2nded.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

[20] Davis, G. F., McAdam, D., Richard Scott, W., & Zald, M. N. (2005). Social movements and organization theory. In Davis, G. F., McAdam, D., Richard Scott, W., & Zald, M. N. (Eds.), Social Movements and Organization Theory, pp.1–20. Geneva: Springer.

[21] Davis, G. F., McAdam, D., Richard Scott, W., & Zald, M. N. (2005). Social movements and organization theory. In Social Movements and Organization Theory. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791000

[22] Donald, I. (2022). New Era of Nigerian Turkish Relations. The Sun (11th January 2022). Retrieved from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/new-era-of-nigerian-turkish-relations/ on 17th November 2022 at 10:38 pm.

[23] Donelli, F. (2022). Turkey’s involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa: an empirical analysis of multitrack approach. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 40(1), 18-33.

[24] Ebaugh, M. J., &Morvant, M. J. (2010). U.S. Patent No. 7,860,844. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

[25] Elumoye, D. (2022). Security, Trade Take Centre Stage in Nigeria, Turkey Agreements. ThisDay (Friday 18th September, 2022). Retrieved from https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/10/21/security-trade-take-centre-stage-in-nigeria-turkey-agreements/ on 17th November 2022 at 10:40 pm.

[26] Enwere, C., & Yilmaz, M. (2014). Turkey’s strategic economic relations with Africa: Trends and challenges. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 1(2), 216-230.

[27] Esen, B., & Gumuscu, S. (2017). Turkey: How the coup failed. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 59-73.

[28] Gamson, W. A., & Tarrow, S. (1999). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Contemporary Sociology.

[29] Gamson, W. A., & Tarrow, S. (1999). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Contemporary Sociology. https://doi.org/10.2307/2654187

[30] Gözaydın, İ. (2021). 23. Religion and Turkey’s international relations. Handbook on religion and international relations, 331.

[31] Irede, A. (2021). Nigeria Places Erdogan’s Enemies on Surveillance in Exchange for Turkey’s Military Assistance. The Africa Report (21 December 2021). Retrieved from https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/10/21/security-trade-take-centre-stage-in-nigeria-turkey-agreements/ on 17th November 2022 at 10:41 pm.

[32] Jasper, J. M. (2010). Social Movement Theory Today: Toward a Theory of Action? Sociology Compass.

[33] Jasper, J. M. (2010). Social Movement Theory Today: Toward a Theory of Action? Sociology Compass. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00329.x

[34] Jenkins, J. C. (1983). Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.002523

[35] Julia, B. (2003). “Religious Non-Governmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis”, International Society for Third-Sector Research and the Johns Hopkins University, September. 2003.

[36] Kaplinsky, R., &Farooki, M. (2009). Africa’s Cooperation with New and Emerging Development Partners: options for Africa’s Development.

[37] Kohnert, D. (2023). Does Turkey support development in West Africa? The example of Nigeria, Ghana and Ivory Coast. The Example of Nigeria, Ghana, and Ivory Coast (May 1, 2023).

[38] Komino, T. (2014). Community resilience: why it matters and what we can do. The Ecumenical Review, 66(3), 324-330.

[39] Kurti, L., Whelan, A., &Zwi, A. (2004). Faith in international development: Evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based NGOs. Dev Bull, 65, 72-75

[40] Laanani, K., Gianesello, S., Desmidt, S., & Ismailbekova, A. (2023). Understanding Islamic activism in Central Asia and West Africa and the Sahel.

[41] McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1086/226464

[42] Michel, T. (2014). Peace and Dialogue in a Plural Society: Contributions of the Hizmet Movement at a Time of Global Tension. California: Blue Dome Press.

[43] Muhammad, A.S. (2021). Understanding Nigeria-Turkish Relations. Punch (19th October, 2021). Retrieved from https://punchng.com/understanding-nigeria-turkish-relations/ on 17th November 2022 at 10:42 pm.

[44] Oberschall, A., Morris, A. D., & Mueller, C. M. (1994). Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Social Forces.

[45] Oberschall, A., Morris, A. D., & Mueller, C. M. (1994). Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Social Forces. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580310

[46] Ozkan, M., & Kante, A. (2022). West Africa and Turkey Forge New Relationship. Premium Times (March 31, 2022). Retrieved from https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/521029-west-africa-and-turkey-forge-new-security-relations.html on 17th November 2022 at 10:47 pm.

[47] Rogerson, K. S. (2000). Information Interdependence: Keohane and Nye's complex interdependence in the information age. Information, Communication & Society, 3(3), 415-436.

[48] Saggi, K., & Yildiz, H. M. (2010). Bilateralism, multilateralism, and the quest for global free trade. Journal of International Economics, 81(1), 26-37.

[49] Smith, S. R., & Sosin, M. R. (2001). The varieties of faith‐related agencies. Public Administration Review, 61(6), 651–670.

[50] Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review.

[51] Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review.

[52] Sule, B., Ibrahim, B.S., & Adamu, M.Y. (2022). The Politics of Regional Security Threats. SINERGI: Journal of Strategic Studies and International Affairs. 2(1), 45-73.

[53] Tee, C. (2021). “The Gulen Movement: Between Turkey and International Exile”. In Upal, M.A., & Cusack, C.M. (Eds.), Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements, pp.86-109. London: Brill.

[54] Tom, A.M. (2021). Emergence, Development and Challenges of Fethullah Movement In Nigeria, 1998-2016.European Academic Research. IX (5), 2779-2792.

[55] Turan, R.I. (2021). Turkey, Nigeria Determined to Further Bilateral Cooperation. Turkiye Africa (20.10.2021). Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-nigeria-determined-to-further-bilateral-cooperation/2397730 on 17th November 2022 at 10:49 pm.

[56] Turhan, Y. (2021). Turkey’s foreign aid to Africa: An analysis of the post-July 15 era. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(5), 795-812.

[57] Usman, B.T., Mat, B.B., Pero, S.D.B.M. (2021). The Impact of Fethullah Gulen’s Movement in Nigeria: Implications on Foreign Relations. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS). 26(10), 33-40.

[58] Wilson, E.K. (2014). Faith-based organizations and Postsecularism in contemporary international relations. In: Mavelli, L. &Petito, F. (eds) Towards a postsecular international politics, culture and religion in international relations. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

[59] Wolfgang Bielefeld and William Suhs Cleveland. “Defining Faith-Based Organizations and Understanding Them Through Research.” Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 42(3) 442– 467.

[60] Yahaya, H. D., Sabar, R., & Nadarajah, G. (2025). Enhancing firm performance through the integration of a service-learning framework in Nigeria. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025060

[61] Zukauskas, P., Vveinhardt, J., &Andriukaitienė, R. (2018). Philosophy and paradigm of scientific research. Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility, 121.

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References

How to cite