Evaluation of the Periodontal status in Menopause Women’s Visiting Dental Hospital: An Observational Study

Rohini Chandel; Anand Wankhede; Amit Reche; Priyanka Paul; Prachi Rakhunde; Aakanksha Dalal

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025543

Keywords:

Abstract

The three life stages that each have a unique impact on a woman's oral health are puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. The menopause affects women's periodontal and dental health. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of duration of menopause on periodontal clinical parameters such as clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI) in menopause women. 74 menopausal women between 45 to 70 years were participated. The patient was informed about the study protocol and consent was taken. Information about the onset of menopause, periodontal clinical parameters such as CAL, PPD, BOP, PI and demographic data were recorded in the specialized case history Performa. Our research showed that the mandibular first molar was the tooth most commonly lost. Age and tooth loss had a significant correlation in menopause women. The primary causes of tooth loss were grossly decayed teeth (33.7%), caries (27.0%), and periodontal disease (20.2%). Age did not significantly correlate with CAL, PPD, BOP, or PI, but the duration of menopause is seen as associated with CAL, PPD, BOP, and PI. This study found that the duration of the menopause is positively correlated with CAL, PPD, BOP, and PI, and that age is significantly associated with the number of tooth loss in menopausal women.
References
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27. von Wowern N. Bone mineral content of mandibles: normal reference values--rate of age-related bone loss. Calcif Tissue Int. 1988 Oct;43(4):193–8.
28. Klemetti E, Collin HL, Forss H, Markkanen H, Lassila V. Mineral status of skeleton and advanced periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1994 Mar;21(3):184–8.
29. Influence of female sex hormones on periodontium: A case series - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4630749/

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How to cite

Chandel, R., Wankhede, A., Reche, A., Paul, P., Rakhunde, P., & Dalal, A. (2025). Evaluation of the Periodontal status in Menopause Women’s Visiting Dental Hospital: An Observational Study. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, (| Accepted Articles). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025543

[1] Haimov-Kochman R, Kochman T, Stabholz A, Hochner-Celinkier D. Bisphosphonate and estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal periodontitis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 Mar;6(3):173–7.

[2] Van Dyke TE, Sheilesh D. Risk factors for periodontitis. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2005 Jan;7(1):3–7.

[3] Yakar N, Türedi A, Emingil G, Şahin Ç, Köse T, Silbereisen A, et al. Oral health and emotional well-being in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional cohort study. BMC Womens Health. 2021 Sep 23;21(1):338.

[4] Payne JB, Reinhardt RA, Nummikoski PV, Patil KD. Longitudinal alveolar bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporotic/osteopenic women. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(1):34–40.

[5] Geurs NC. Osteoporosis and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44:29–43.

[6] Friedlander AH. The physiology, medical management and oral implications of menopause. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 Jan;133(1):73–81.

[7] Nikolaou D, Gilling-Smith C. Early ovarian ageing: are women with polycystic ovaries protected? Hum Reprod. 2004 Oct;19(10):2175–9.

[8] Reginster JY, Sarlet N, Lecart MP. Fractures in osteoporosis: the challenge for the new millennium. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Jan;16 Suppl 1:S1-3.

[9] Estrogen, cytokines, and pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8854239/

[10] Pacifici R. Estrogen, cytokines, and pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Aug;11(8):1043–51.

[11] Assessment of periodontal health status in postmenopausal women visiting dental hospital from in and around Meerut city: Cross-sectional observational study - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5192987/

[12] Effects of endogenous sex hormones on the periodontium--review of literature - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16238210/

[13] Silness J, Loe H. PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. II. CORRELATION BETWEEN ORAL HYGIENE AND PERIODONTAL CONDTION. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964 Feb;22:121–35.

[14] Mühlemann HR. Psychological and chemical mediators of gingival health. J Prev Dent. 1977;4(4):6–17.

[15] Geurs NC, Lewis CE, Jeffcoat MK. Osteoporosis and periodontal disease progression. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:105–10.

[16] Five-year changes in periodontal disease measures among postmenopausal females: the Buffalo OsteoPerio study - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22813344/

[17] Increased risk of tooth loss is related to bone loss at the whole body, hip, and spine - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8939767/

[18] Ciesielska A, Kusiak A, Ossowska A, Grzybowska ME. Changes in the Oral Cavity in Menopausal Women-A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 27;19(1):253.

[19] Alves RC, Félix SA, Rodriguez-Archilla A, Oliveira P, Brito J, Dos Santos JM. Relationship between menopause and periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in a Portuguese population. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(7):11412–9.

[20] Romandini M, Shin HS, Romandini P, Laforí A, Cordaro M. Hormone-related events and periodontitis in women. J Clin Periodontol. 2020 Apr;47(4):429–41.

[21] Evaluation of Radiomorphometric Indices in Panoramic Radiograph – A Screening Tool - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4598386/

[22] Atkinson PJ, Woodhead C. Changes in human mandibular structure with age. Arch Oral Biol. 1968 Dec;13(12):1453–64.

[23] Henrikson PA, Wallenius K. The mandible and osteoporosis (1). A qualitative comparison between the mandible and the radius. J Oral Rehabil. 1974 Jan;1(1):67–74.

[24] Henrikson PA, Wallenius K, Astrand K. The mandible and osteoporosis (2). Method for determining mineral content of mandible and radius. J Oral Rehabil. 1974 Jan;1(1):75–84.

[25] von Wowern N, Stoltze K. Pattern of age related bone loss in mandibles. Scand J Dent Res. 1980 Apr;88(2):134–46.

[26] Osteoporosis and periodontal diseases – An update on their association and mechanistic links - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9067601/

[27] von Wowern N. Bone mineral content of mandibles: normal reference values--rate of age-related bone loss. Calcif Tissue Int. 1988 Oct;43(4):193–8.

[28] Klemetti E, Collin HL, Forss H, Markkanen H, Lassila V. Mineral status of skeleton and advanced periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1994 Mar;21(3):184–8.

[29] Influence of female sex hormones on periodontium: A case series - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 17]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4630749/

Abstract

References

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