The Urgency of Anti-Bullying Digital Literacy in Habituating the Character of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta City

Ariefa Efianingrum; Farida Hanum; Shely Cathrin; Deni Hardianto

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025462

Keywords:

sociocultural bullying

Abstract

Lack of understanding and digital literacy skills among junior high school students in Yogyakarta City causes a high risk of online bullying and negative impacts on student character. This study aims to map the perceptions of junior high school students in Yogyakarta towards bullying at school. The quantitative approach is a survey type involving 990 students from 10 junior high schools in Yogyakarta. The number of samples used in this study was determined using the formula explained by Krejcie and the Lameshow formula. Respondents filled out a questionnaire about the perceptions of junior high school students in Yogyakarta towards bullying at school, distributed via Google Forms. This questionnaire covers various aspects such as their experiences related to bullying, the frequency of bullying, the place or setting where bullying occurs, and the strategies students use to overcome bullying. Quantitative data from this study were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques by calculating the percentage of various responses from students who were the research samples. The results of the analysis showed that verbal bullying and cyberbullying were the most dominant types, but socio-cultural bullying and sexual bullying were rarely reported. The locations where bullying most often occurs are in the classroom when there is no teacher supervision, on social media, and in the play area or sports field. However, bullying on the way to or from school is relatively rare due to the Yogyakarta culture, which prioritizes parental supervision on the way to school. This finding highlights the importance of social and cultural context in understanding the dynamics of bullying locations. It confirms that the supervision factor in various school environments is crucial in prevention efforts.
References
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Efianingrum, A., Hanum, F., Cathrin, S., & Hardianto, D. (2025). The Urgency of Anti-Bullying Digital Literacy in Habituating the Character of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta City. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, (| Accepted Articles). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025462

[1] AlBuhairan, F., Abou Abbas, O., El Sayed, D., Badri, M., Alshahri, S., & De Vries, N. (2017). The relationship of bullying and physical violence to mental health and academic performance: A cross-sectional study among adolescents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 4(2), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2016.12.005

[2] Ali, S., Hartini, N., & Yoenanto, N. H. (2022). Characteristics of bullying perpetrators and victimization at the Indonesian schools: A review. Journal of Positive School Psychology, pp. 3392–3404.

[3] Ashburner, J., Saggers, B., Campbell, M. A., Dillon‐Wallace, J. A., Hwang, Y. S., Carrington, S., & Bobir, N. (2019). How are students on the autism spectrum affected by bullying? Perspectives of students and parents. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 19(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12421

[4] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2020). Indeks Perlindungan Anak (IPA) Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta tahun 2020.

[5] Biolcati, R., Mancini, G., & Trombini, E. (2018). Proneness to boredom and risk behaviors during adolescents' free time. Psychological Reports, 121(2), 303-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117724447

[6] Blom, N., Fadeeva, A., & Barbosa, E. C. (2023). The concept and measurement of violence and abuse in health and justice fields: Toward a framework aligned with the UN sustainable development goals. Social Sciences, 12(6), 316-327.

[7] https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060316

[8] Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.33235/jarna.22.2.27-30

[9] Bochaver, A. A., & Khlomov, K. D. (2014). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the space of modern technologies. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 11(3), 177–191.

[10] Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., & Johnson, S. L. (2015). Overlapping verbal, relational, physical, and electronic forms of bullying in adolescence: Influence of school context. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(3), 494-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.893516

[11] Cerezo, F., Ruiz-Esteban, C., Lacasa, C. S., & Gonzalo, J. J. A. (2018). Dimensions of parenting styles, social climate, and bullying victims in primary and secondary education. Psicothema, 30(1), 59-65.

[12] Duangwises, N. (2021). Problematizing the Western paradigm of homophobic bullying: A socio-cultural study of non-normative gender teasing in Thailand. Thammasat Review, 24(1), 111-132.

[13] El Asam, A., & Samara, M. (2016). Cyberbullying and the law: A review of psychological and legal challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 65(1), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.012

[14] Frazier, A. D., Cross, J. R., Cross, T. L., & Kim, M. (2021). "The spirit is willing": A study of school climate, bullying, self-efficacy, and resilience in high-ability low-income youth. Roeper Review, 43(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2020.1840465

[15] Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2021). What works in anti-bullying programs? Analysis of effective intervention components. Journal of School Psychology, 85(1), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.002

[16] Gan, S. S., Zhong, C., Das, S., Gan, J. S., Willis, S., & Tully, E. (2014). The prevalence of bullying and cyberbullying in high school: a 2011 survey. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 26(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2012-0106

[17] Gerlinger, J., & Wo, J. C. (2016). Preventing school bullying: Should schools prioritize an authoritative discipline approach over security measures? Journal of School Violence, 15(2), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.956321

[18] Hornby, G., & Blackwell, I. (2018). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An update. Educational Review, 70(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2018.1388612

[19] Ismail, I. A., Pernadi, N. L., & Febriyanti, A. (2022). How do you grab and determine the size of the research sample? International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR), 6(9), 88-92.

[20] Izadi, M., & Hart, R. (2024). The influence of the physical environment on social behavior, school climate, and bullying in schools. Children's Geographies, 22(1), 66-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2023.2232751

[21] Kuper, L. E., Wright, L., & Mustanski, B. (2018). Gender identity development among transgender and gender nonconforming emerging adults: An intersectional approach. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 436-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1443869

[22] Kurniawan, L., Sutanti, N., & Nuryana, Z. (2022). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of school bullying. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 11(1), 263-278. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i1.20997

[23] Lapidot-Lefler, N., & Dolev-Cohen, M. (2015). Comparing cyberbullying and school bullying among school students: Prevalence, gender, and grade level differences. Social Psychology Of Education, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9280-8

[24] Lestari, N. D., Ningrum, E. Q., & Anggraini, K. P. T. (2020). Determinant analysis of bullying among school-age children in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Health Technology Assessment in Midwifery, 3(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.31101/jhtam.1397

[25] Malaka, Z., Satriya, B., & Sadhana, K. (2023). Perception of school citizens about violence against students. International Journal of Islamic Thought and Humanities, 2(1), 156-171. https://doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v2i1.89

[26] Martin, F., Wang, C., Petty, T., Wang, W., & Wilkins, P. (2018). Middle school students’ social media use. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 213–224.

[27] Mendikbudristek. (2023). Permendikbudristek nomor 46 tahun 2023 tentang pencegahan dan penanganan kekerasan di lingkungan satuan pendidikan.

[28] Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18

[29] Moon, B., & McCluskey, J. (2020). An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: Prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence, 19(2), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1540010

[30] Nickerson, A. B., Singleton, D., Schnurr, B., & Collen, M. H. (2014). Perceptions of school climate as a function of bullying involvement. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 30(2), 157-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2014.888530

[31] Nielsen, M. B., Finne, L. B., Parveen, S., & Einarsen, S. V. (2022). Assessing workplace bullying and its outcomes: The paradoxical role of the perceived power imbalance between target and perpetrator. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(1), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.907204

[32] Nisa, K., Sutini, A., & Dewi, D. A. (2023). The role of the teacher in the implementation of character education is to overcome the problem of bullying in elementary schools. JHSS (Journal of Humanities and Social Studies), 7(1), 174-178.

[33] Noboru, T., Amalia, E., Hernandez, P. M. R., Nurbaiti, L., Affarah, W. S., Nonaka, D., & Kobayashi, J. (2021). School‐based education to prevent bullying in high schools in Indonesia. Pediatrics International, 63(4), 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14475

[34] Nurani, V. H. H., Sugiyanto, S., & Hermawati, I. (2022). Internalization of Yogyakarta cultural local wisdom values in the duties of social workers as state civil apparatus. Asian Social Work Journal, 7(5), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v7i5.227

[35] O'Reilly, M., Dogra, N., Whiteman, N., Hughes, J., Eruyar, S., & Reilly, P. (2018). Is social media bad for mental health and wellbeing? Exploring the perspectives of adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104518775154

[36] Olivia, Y., Nizmi, Y. E., Retnaningsih, U. O., Jamaan, A., & Saer, M. (2024). The critical role of the school environment in preventing online gender-based violence. KnE Social Sciences, 2(1), 287-304. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i23.16722

[37] Putri, C. P., & Permana, I. P. A. (2022). Verbal and non-verbal signs in stop bullying posters: An educational posters analysis. Journal of Education, Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching, 5(2), 20-27.

[38] Rahman, M. M. (2023). Sample size determination for survey research and non-probability sampling techniques: A review and recommendations. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 11(1), 42-62.

[39] Reisen, A., Viana, M. C., & Santos-Neto, E. T. D. (2019). Bullying among adolescents: Are the victims also perpetrators? Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 41(6), 518-529. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0246

[40] Rohman, A., Putranta, H., & Sidik, F. (2023). Does the implementation of school zoning policies equalize the quality of education? Case study at the junior high school level. TEM Journal, 12(4), 2593-2602. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-71

[41] Rosen, N. L., & Nofziger, S. (2019). Boys, bullying, and gender roles: How hegemonic masculinity shapes bullying behavior. Gender Issues, 36(3), 295-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-018-9226-0

[42] Sainju, K. D., Mishra, N., Kuffour, A., & Young, L. (2021). Bullying discourse on Twitter: An examination of bully-related tweets using supervised machine learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 120(1), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106735

[43] Saneleuterio, E., López-García-Torres, R., & Fernández-Ulloa, T. (2023). Forestalling bullying in primary and secondary schools in Spain. Athens Journal of Education, 10(1), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.10-1-1

[44] Setiawan, E., & Wahyuni, S. (2024). Cases of bullying in the school environment and its impact on children's future. ARIMA: Journal of Social and Humanities/ARIMA: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 2(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.62017/arima.v2i1.1715

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