Parasitological consequences followed dysentery infections in Mesopotamia

Mays kadhim Oleiwi; Abdul-Samad Uleiwi Hassan

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025319

Keywords:

deoxycholate citrate agar medium

Abstract

Dysentery remains a serious public health problem throughout Mesopotamia due to low water quality and unsatisfactory sanitation. The current research work focuses on some parasitological aspects of such infections, epidemiological profiles, and methods of diagnosis. Dysentery has a wide impact, especially on females and the elderly, and rural areas are more exposed due to poor sanitation infrastructure and unequal access to health care. A biostatic analysis was performed to know the risk of acquiring an infection regarding various strata. The diagnostic measures involved comprehensive stool examinations, hematological studies, and histopathological tests. Deoxycholate Citrate Agar was used for targeting the Shigella species specifically for culturing. Besides, the presence of epithelial tear tissues in the stool was important for determining amoebic dysentery and its gastrointestinal manifestations. The result of the study also showed that females and aged people tend to have more dysentery infections. The disease was common in rural regions. Poor sanitation and health accesses could be some of the reasons for that. Epithelial tear tissues were found in the samples due to severe disruption of amoebic dysentery in the gastro-intestine region. Early effective diagnosis and proper treatment are important in minimizing complications and improving outcomes in dysentery patients. The most urgent needs, as identified by the study, are diagnostic measures that would lead to early diagnosis, effective methods of treatment, and public health education on the management of dysentery. It also calls for improved hygiene practices, better access to potable water, and reductions in environmental pollution as key ways to reduce risk factors. More importantly, these results are a call to continue research into the novel means of discovering new vaccines and less toxic medications in the fight against dysentry and its parasitological effects with a focus on improving health outcomes or reducing the prevalence of this disease in any particular region.
References
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2. Braga, L. L., Mendonça, Y., Paiva, C. A., & others. (1998). Seropositivity for and intestinal colonization with Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in individuals in Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(10), 3044–3045. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.10.3044-3045.1998
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera (WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.8). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012.
4. Chacin-Bonilla, L., Bonilla, E., Parra, A. M., & others. (1992). Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal parasites in a community from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 86(4), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1992.11812897
5. Davis, A. N., Haque, R., & Petri, W. A. (2002). Update on protozoan parasites of the intestine. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 18(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200201000-00004
6. DeWitt, T. G. (1989). Acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics in Review, 11(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.11-1-6
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8. Ferdous, F., Ahmed, S., Das, S. K., Farzana, F. D., Latham, J. R., Chisti, M. J., & Faruque, A. S. G. (2013). Aetiology and clinical features of dysentery in children aged <5 years in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881300013X
9. Haque, R., Faruque, A. S. G., Hahn, P., et al. (1997). Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in children in Bangladesh. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 175(3), 734–736. https://doi.org/10.1086/513894
10. Haque, R., Huston, C. D., Hughes, M., et al. (2003). Amebiasis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(16), 1565–1573. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra022358
11. Huston, C. D., & Petri, W. A. (1999). Amoebiasis: Clinical implications of the recognition of Entamoeba dispar. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 1(6), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-999-0034-4
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13. Lucas, R., & Upcroft, J. A. (2001). Clinical significance of the redefinition of the agent of amoebiasis. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología, 43(4), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0125-5983(01)90024-3
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18. Rivera, W. I., Tachibana, H., & Kanbara, H. (1998). Field study on the distribution of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in the northern Philippines as detected by PCR. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 916–921. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.916
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20. Salazar-Lindo, E., Sack, R. B., Chea-Woo, E., et al. (1986). Early treatment with erythromycin of Campylobacter jejuni-associated dysentery in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 109, 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80404-8
21. Shirley, D. T., Farr, L., Watanabe, K., & Moonah, S. (2018). A review of the global burden, new diagnostics, and current therapeutics for amebiasis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 5(7), ofy161. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy161
22. Singh, B., Moodley, J., & Ramdial, P. K. (2001). Fulminant amoebic colitis: A favorable outcome. International Surgery, 86(2), 77–81.
23. Stanley, S. L. (2003). Amoebiasis. The Lancet, 361(9362), 1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12929-6
24. Tribble, D. R. (2017). Antibiotic therapy for acute watery diarrhea and dysentery. Military Medicine, 182(S2), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00068
25. World Health Organization. (2019). Dysentery (Shigellosis). https://www.who.int/dysentery-shigellosis

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Oleiwi, M. kadhim, & Hassan, A.-S. U. (2024). Parasitological consequences followed dysentery infections in Mesopotamia. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(7), 2025319. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025319

[1] Abd-Alla, M. D., & Ravdin, J. I. (2002). Diagnosis of amoebic colitis by antigen capture ELISA in patients presenting with acute diarrhea in Cairo, Egypt. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 7(4), 365–370. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00846.x

[2] Braga, L. L., Mendonça, Y., Paiva, C. A., & others. (1998). Seropositivity for and intestinal colonization with Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in individuals in Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(10), 3044–3045. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.10.3044-3045.1998

[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera (WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.8). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012.

[4] Chacin-Bonilla, L., Bonilla, E., Parra, A. M., & others. (1992). Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal parasites in a community from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 86(4), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1992.11812897

[5] Davis, A. N., Haque, R., & Petri, W. A. (2002). Update on protozoan parasites of the intestine. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 18(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200201000-00004

[6] DeWitt, T. G. (1989). Acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics in Review, 11(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.11-1-6

[7] DuPont, H. L. (1978). Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 173(5 Pt 2), 649–653. PMID 359524

[8] Ferdous, F., Ahmed, S., Das, S. K., Farzana, F. D., Latham, J. R., Chisti, M. J., & Faruque, A. S. G. (2013). Aetiology and clinical features of dysentery in children aged <5 years in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881300013X

[9] Haque, R., Faruque, A. S. G., Hahn, P., et al. (1997). Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in children in Bangladesh. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 175(3), 734–736. https://doi.org/10.1086/513894

[10] Haque, R., Huston, C. D., Hughes, M., et al. (2003). Amebiasis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(16), 1565–1573. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra022358

[11] Huston, C. D., & Petri, W. A. (1999). Amoebiasis: Clinical implications of the recognition of Entamoeba dispar. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 1(6), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-999-0034-4

[12] Last, J. M. (1995). A dictionary of epidemiology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

[13] Lucas, R., & Upcroft, J. A. (2001). Clinical significance of the redefinition of the agent of amoebiasis. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología, 43(4), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0125-5983(01)90024-3

[14] Marie, C., & Petri, W. A. (2013). Amoebic dysentery. BMJ Clinical Evidence, 2013.

[15] Palmer, A. B. (2016). Diarrhoea and Dysentery: Modern Views of Their Pathology and Treatment. Palala Press. ISBN 978-1358293467.

[16] Petri, W. A., & Singh, U. (1999). Diagnosis and management of amebiasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 29(5), 1117–1125. https://doi.org/10.1086/598995

[17] Petri, W. A., Jr., et al. (2009). Association of malnutrition with amebiasis. Nutrition Reviews, 67(Suppl. 2), S207–S215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00208.x

[18] Rivera, W. I., Tachibana, H., & Kanbara, H. (1998). Field study on the distribution of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in the northern Philippines as detected by PCR. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 916–921. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.916

[19] Ryan, J. (2016). Boards and Beyond: Infectious Disease: A companion book to the Boards and Beyond website (Version 9-26-2016 ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5237-0935-9.

[20] Salazar-Lindo, E., Sack, R. B., Chea-Woo, E., et al. (1986). Early treatment with erythromycin of Campylobacter jejuni-associated dysentery in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 109, 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80404-8

[21] Shirley, D. T., Farr, L., Watanabe, K., & Moonah, S. (2018). A review of the global burden, new diagnostics, and current therapeutics for amebiasis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 5(7), ofy161. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy161

[22] Singh, B., Moodley, J., & Ramdial, P. K. (2001). Fulminant amoebic colitis: A favorable outcome. International Surgery, 86(2), 77–81.

[23] Stanley, S. L. (2003). Amoebiasis. The Lancet, 361(9362), 1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12929-6

[24] Tribble, D. R. (2017). Antibiotic therapy for acute watery diarrhea and dysentery. Military Medicine, 182(S2), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00068

[25] World Health Organization. (2019). Dysentery (Shigellosis). https://www.who.int/dysentery-shigellosis

Abstract

References

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