Analysis of the role of tuka, tuku, and teka (3T) model in food security in Ngada Regency, Indonesia

Reyna Virginia Nona; Ernesta Leha; Estherlina Sagajoka

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025375

Keywords:

Abstract

Research on the role of tuka, tuku and teka (3T) carried out in Ngada Regency aims to utilize local knowledge in the community which can be useful for the food security model in Ngada Regency and this model can be adapted for food security policies in other regions. This research was conducted in 12 subdistricts in Ngada Regency, with a total of 96 respondents, distributed proportionally to 8 respondents per subdistrict. This research uses structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques via the Partial least squares (PLS) approach. The respondents of this research are food crop and secondary crop farmers. This research found that the 3T concept has a significant role in supporting food security in Ngada Regency, with influenced by aspects of consumption (tuka), reserves (tuku), and trade (teka). Tuka includes elements of product, price, location, and personal factors; tuku includes uncertainty, comfort, attitudes, intentions, and needs, while teka includes self-confidence, courage to take risks, leadership, creativity, and future orientation. However, this research also shows that the theca aspect as a mediator has not functioned optimally in influencing food security. This is due to the focus of food trade among farmers which is still limited to meeting household needs and is not yet profit-oriented. The recommendation that can be given from this research is that to realize food security through the role of the concepts of tuka, tuku and teka, the Ngada Regency Government needs to implement a food diversification policy, prepare funding for food security programs, create policies that support an efficient and fair food trading system, and need to collaborate to improve aspects of trade which include self-confidence, courage to take risks, leadership, originality and future orientation, so that farming can be profit-oriented.
References
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Nona, R. V., Leha, E., & Sagajoka, E. (2025). Analysis of the role of tuka, tuku, and teka (3T) model in food security in Ngada Regency, Indonesia. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(9), 2025375. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025375

[1] Abdulai, A., & Kuhlgatz, C. (2012). Food Security Policy in Developing Countries. In The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569441.013.0014

[2] Aihounton, G., & Christiaensen, L. (2024). Does agricultural intensification pay in the context of structural transformation? Food Policy, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102571

[3] Aizenman, J., Edwards, S., & Riera-Crichton, D. (2011). Adjustment patterns to commodity terms of trade shocks: the role of exchange rate and international reserves policies. https://doi.org/10.3386/w17692

[4] Barrett, C. B. (2010). Measuring Food Insecurity. Science, 327(5967), 825–828. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182768

[5] Benigno, G., & Fornaro, L. (2014). The Financial Resource Curse*. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 116(1), 58–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12047

[6] Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred Ecology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123843

[7] Boratyńska, K., & Huseynov, R. T. (2017). An innovative approach to food security policy in developing countries. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 2(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.007

[8] BPS Kabupaten Ngada. (2024). Kabupaten Ngada dalam angka 2024. 8.

[9] Carletto, C., Zezza, A., & Banerjee, R. (2013). Towards better measurement of household food security: Harmonizing indicators and the role of household surveys. Global Food Security, 2(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2012.11.006

[10] Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311766005

[11] Christensen, G., & Bronchetti, E. T. (2020). Local food prices and the purchasing power of SNAP benefits. Food Policy, 95, 101937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101937

[12] Egamberdiev, B., Bobojonov, I., Kuhn, L., Glauben, T., & Akramov, K. (2024). Household resilience and coping strategies to food insecurity: An empirical analysis from Tajikistan. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13422

[13] Fanzo, J., McLaren, R., Bellows, A., & Carducci, B. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of food reformulation and fortification to improve dietary and nutrition outcomes. In Food Policy (Vol. 119). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102515

[14] FAO. (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en

[15] FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO. (2018). The state of food security and nutrition in the world : building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

[16] Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980

[17] Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial Least Squares: Regression & Structural Equation Models. www.statisticalassociates.com

[18] Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science, 327(5967), 812–818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383

[19] Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Second Edition (Second). SAGE Publications, Inc.

[20] Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

[21] He, R., Li, H., Lian, Z., & Zheng, J. (2020). The effect of culture on consumption: A behavioral approach. Journal of Asian Economics, 67, 101180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101180

[22] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

[23] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009a). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing (pp. 277–319). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014

[24] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009b). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing (pp. 277–319). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014

[25] Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

[26] Mastos, T., & Gotzamani, K. (2022). Sustainable Supply Chain Management in the Food Industry: A Conceptual Model from a Literature Review and a Case Study. Foods, 11(15), 2295. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152295

[27] Mossenson, S., Giglia, R., Pulker, C. E., Chester, M., McStay, C., & Pollard, C. M. (2024). Evidence for initiating food safety policy: An assessment of the quality and safety of donated food at an Australian food bank. Food Policy, 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102589

[28] Narrod, C., Roy, D., Okello, J., Avendaño, B., Rich, K., & Thorat, A. (2009). Public–private partnerships and collective action in high value fruit and vegetable supply chains. Food Policy, 34(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.10.005

[29] Nona, R. V., Ambarawati, I. G. A. A., Darmawan, D. P., & Budiasa, I. W. (2019). Realizing Regional Food Security Through Community Food Business Development in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Agriculture System, 6(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v6i2.1593

[30] Nona, R. V., & Mea, M. H. C. D. (2021a). Performance model of community food business development in East Nusa Tenggara Province. E3S Web of Conferences, 306. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602003

[31] Nona, R. V., & Mea, M. H. C. D. (2021b). Performance model of community food business development in East Nusa Tenggara Province. E3S Web of Conferences, 306. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602003

[32] Nona, R. V., Sagajoka, E., Juniasih, I. A. K., & Suku, Y. L. (2024). Food Security Model Based on Consumer Characteristics in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(7), e05650. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-030

[33] OECD-FAO. (2013). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2013-2022.

[34] Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (2009). Food security: definition and measurement. Food Security, 1(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-008-0002-y

[35] Reardon, T., & Timmer, C. P. (2012). The Economics of the Food System Revolution. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 4(1), 225–264. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.resource.050708.144147

[36] Rosada, I., Nurliani, & Amran, F. D. (2021). Local Wisdom in Supporting Food Security of Coastal Agroecosystem. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210421.006

[37] Sundram, P. (2023). Food security in ASEAN: progress, challenges and future. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1260619

[38] Teeuwen, A. S., Meyer, M. A., Dou, Y., & Nelson, A. (2022). A systematic review of the impact of food security governance measures as simulated in modelling studies. Nature Food, 3(8), 619–630. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00571-2

[39] Ton, G., Vellema, S., & Ge, L. (2014). The Triviality of Measuring Ultimate Outcomes: Acknowledging the Span of Direct Influence. IDS Bulletin, 45(6), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-5436.12111

[40] Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant validity testing in marketing: an analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4

[41] Yoga Prasada, I., Wahyudi Priyanto, M., & Shafiyuddin Hilmi, Y. (2020). AGRISOCIONOMICS (Food Security of The Population in Java Island: Panel Vector Error Correction Model Approach). AGRISOCIONOMICS Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Pertanian, 4(1), 85–95. http://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/agrisocionomics

[42] Zhu, Z., Chu, F., Dolgui, A., Chu, C., Zhou, W., & Piramuthu, S. (2018). Recent advances and opportunities in sustainable food supply chain: a model-oriented review. International Journal of Production Research, 56(17), 5700–5722. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1425014

Abstract

References

How to cite