Effects of ginger and purslane supplemented diets on the production and physiology of Japanese quail

Haider Khdr; Miran Qadir; Osama Shareef; Hawar Halshoy; Abdalla Hama; Abdalla Ibrahim; Hama Mala; Shnyar Abdalla; Sawen Osman

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025134

Keywords:

Abstract

The Japanese quail is considered one of the most significant species in the poultry industry. Various dietary strategies aim to improve the quality of quails and reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics. Therefore, depending on the use of herbal plants, a new trend exists to provide high-quality feed. This study aims to provide insight into the possible improvement effects of ginger and purslane powder concentrations (1% and 2%) on the growth performance and reproductive aspects of quail and to implement a completely randomized design (CRD) in triplicate. The results revealed that 1% ginger powder significantly influenced the final week of feed intake, resulting in minimum cholesterol and blood sugar levels in the blood. The data indicated that 1% purslane powder affected body weight and weight gain. It also has a positive effect on blood attributes, including PCV, Hb, amylase, and HDL, while the lowest LDL level is recorded. The application of 2% purslane resulted in the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and lipase blood parameters. The male quail presented the highest levels of PCV, Hb, and HDL but the lowest levels of blood sugar and TG. However, the female quail presented the lowest levels of cholesterol and LDL and the highest total protein. The findings of this study suggest that incorporating herbal plants like ginger and purslane into Japanese quail diets can enhance poultry quality. Such dietary supplements may offer natural, cost-effective alternatives for improving the health and productivity of quails, benefiting breeders and farmers in the poultry industry.
References
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2. Abd El-Hack, M. E., Mahgoub, S. A., Hussein, M. M., and Saadeldin, I. M. (2018). Improving growth performance and health status of meat-type quail by supplementing the diet with black cumin cold-pressed oil as a natural alternative for antibiotics. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 1157-1167.
3. Abdul-Majeed, A. F., and Abdul-Rahman, S. Y. (2021). Impact of breed, sex and age on hematological and biochemical parameters of local quail. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(3), 459-464.
4. Abou-Kassem, D., El-Kholy, M., Alagawany, M., Laudadio, V., and Tufarelli, V. (2019). Age and sex-related differences in performance, carcass traits, hemato–biochemical parameters, and meat quality in Japanese quails. Poultry Science, 98(4), 1684-1691.
5. Abou-Kassem, D. E., Mahrose, K. M., El-Samahy, R. A., Shafi, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Emam, M., El-Sharnouby, M., Taha, A. E., and Ashour, E. A. (2021). Influences of dietary herbal blend and feed restriction on growth, carcass characteristics and gut microbiota of growing rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 896-910.
6. Al-Shuwaili, M. A., Ibrahim, E., and Naqi Al-Bayati, M. (2015). Effect of dietary herbal plants supplement in turkey diet on performance and some blood biochemical parameters. Global Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 4(2), 153-157.
7. Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Barkat, R. A., Gabr, A. A., Foda, M. A., Noreldin, A. E., Khafaga, A. F., and El-Sabrout, K. (2021). Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health-A comprehensive review. Research in Veterinary Science, 137, 9-29.
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9. Batool, F., Bilal, R. M., Hassan, F. U., Nasir, T. A., Rafeeque, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Mahgoub, H. A., Naiel, M. A., and Alagawany, M. (2023). An updated review on behavior of domestic quail with reference to the negative effect of heat stress. Animal Biotechnology, 34(2), 424-437.
10. Belachew, A. M., Feyisa, A., Ufgaa, M. G., and Yesuf, T. Y. (2021). Investigate Inhibitory Effects of Ginger polyphenols compare to Simvastatin towards HMG-CoA reductase: An Integrated Molecular Docking and Molecular dynamic simulation. bioRxiv, 2021.2008. 2011.455913.
11. Dieumou, F., Teguia, A., Kuiate, J., Tamokou, J., Fonge, N., and Dongmo, M. (2009). Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. Livestock research for rural development, 21(8), 23-32.
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13. Gao, Y., Ozel, M. Z., Dugmore, T., Sulaeman, A., and Matharu, A. S. (2021). A biorefinery strategy for spent industrial ginger waste. Journal of hazardous materials, 401, 123400.
14. Habibian, M., Sadeghi, G., and Karimi, A. (2018). Comparative effects of powder, aqueous and methanolic extracts of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on growth performance, antioxidant status, abdominal fat deposition and plasma lipids in broiler chickens. Animal production science, 59(1), 89-100.
15. Herve, T., Raphaël, K. J., Ferdinand, N., Victor Herman, N., Willy Marvel, N. M., Cyril D’Alex, T., and Laurine Vitrice, F. T. (2019). Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) essential oil on growth and laying performances, serum metabolites, and egg yolk antioxidant and cholesterol status in laying Japanese quail. Journal of veterinary medicine, 2019.
16. Ibrahim, A., Maduro-Dias, C., Halshoy, H., Borba, A., and Nunes, H. (2024). Optimizing nutritional value and biological profile of non-conventional forages for animal feeding by utilizing sodium hydroxide. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(11), 2024235-2024235.
17. Jang, I., Ko, Y., Kang, S., and Lee, C. (2007). Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134(3-4), 304-315.
18. Karangiya, V., Savsani, H., Patil, S. S., Garg, D., Murthy, K., Ribadiya, N., and Vekariya, S. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Veterinary world, 9(3), 245.
19. Kartikasari, L., Hertanto, B., and Nuhriawangsa, A. (2023). Omega-3 profiles and chemical substances of chicken meat fed diets containing purslane (Portulaca oleraceae) meal rich in omega-3 fats. Food Research, 7(1), 35-41.
20. Khalifa, M. I., and Noseer, E. A. (2019). Cholesterol quality of edible eggs produced by quail fed diets containing probiotic and/or ginger (Zingiber officinale). Livestock research for rural development, 31(10), 165.
21. Khdr, H. H. K. (2017). Impact of different level peppermint and ginger supplementation on broiler performance and blood parameter (Master's thesis, Bingol University, Institute of Sciences)
22. Kiarie, E. G., and Mills, A. (2019). Role of feed processing on gut health and function in pigs and poultry: conundrum of optimal particle size and hydrothermal regimens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 19.
23. Lu, Z., Thanabalan, A., Leung, H., Kakhki, R. A. M., Patterson, R., and Kiarie, E. (2019). The effects of feeding yeast bioactives to broiler breeders and/or their offspring on growth performance, gut development, and immune function in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria. Poultry Science, 98(12), 6411-6421.
24. Ma, R.-H., Ni, Z.-J., Zhu, Y.-Y., Thakur, K., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y.-Y., Hu, F., Zhang, J.-G., and Wei, Z.-J. (2021). A recent update on the multifaceted health benefits associated with ginger and its bioactive components. Food & Function, 12(2), 519-542.
25. Mohamed, A. B., Al-Rubaee, M., and Jalil, A. G. (2012). Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Performance and. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(2), 143-146.
26. Montoya-García, C. O., García-Mateos, R., Becerra-Martínez, E., Toledo-Aguilar, R., Volke-Haller, V. H., and Magdaleno-Villar, J. J. (2023). Bioactive compounds of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) according to the production system: A review. Scientia horticulturae, 308, 111584.
27. Nahed, A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Albaqami, N. M., Khafaga, A. F., Taha, A. E., Swelum, A. A., El-Saadony, M. T., Salem, H. M., El-Tahan, A. M., and AbuQamar, S. F. (2022). Phytochemical control of poultry coccidiosis: a review. Poultry Science, 101(1), 101542.
28. Nemati, Z., Moradi, Z., Alirezalu, K., Besharati, M., and Raposo, A. (2021). Impact of ginger root powder dietary supplement on productive performance, egg quality, antioxidant status and blood parameters in laying Japanese quails. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2995.
29. Policegoudra, R., and Aradhya, S. (2007). Biochemical changes and antioxidant activity of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizomes during postharvest storage at different temperatures. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46(2), 189-194.
30. Sabow, A. B. (2020). Carcass characteristics, physicochemical attributes, and fatty acid and amino acid compositions of meat obtained from different Japanese quail strains. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(1), 131-140.
31. Sadeghi, G., Karimi, A., Shafeie, F., Vaziry, A., and Farhadi, D. (2016). The Effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, antioxidant status, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 184, 35-40.
32. Safavipour, S., Tabeidian, S. A., Toghyani, M., Shahraki, A. D. F., Ghalamkari, G., and Habibian, M. (2022). Laying performance, egg quality, fertility, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes activity, gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, mucosal immunity, and cytokine levels in meat-type Japanese quail breeders fed different phytogenic levels. Research in Veterinary Science, 153, 74-87.
33. Sheiha, A. M., Abdelnour, S. A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Khafaga, A. F., Metwally, K. A., Ajarem, J. S., Maodaa, S. N., Allam, A. A., and El-Saadony, M. T. (2020). Effects of dietary biological or chemical-synthesized nano-selenium supplementation on growing rabbits exposed to thermal stress. Animals, 10(3), 430.
34. Sigolo, S., Khazaei, R., Seidavi, A., Ayasan, T., Gallo, A., and Prandini, A. (2019). Effects of supra-nutritional levels of vitamin E and vitamin C on growth performance and blood parameters of Japanese quails. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 18(1), 140-146.
35. Talabani, S. K., Abid, S. A., Abdulrahman, N. M., Halshoy, H. S. H., and Karim, S. H. (2023). Inoculation of wheat with Azospirillum sp. bacteria and study of their germinated portions effects on common carp performance and health aspects. Advancements in Life Sciences, 10(3), 464-471.
36. Tarhyel, R., Tanimomo, B., and Hena, S. (2012). Effect of sex, colour and weight group on carcass characteristics of Japanese quail.
37. Uddin, M. K., Juraimi, A. S., Hossain, M. S., Nahar, M., Un, A., Ali, M. E., and Rahman, M. (2014). Purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea): a prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
38. Wang, C., Liu, Q., Ye, F., Tang, H., Xiong, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, L., Feng, X., Zhang, S., and Wan, Y. (2021). Dietary purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) promotes the growth performance of broilers by modulation of gut microbiota. AMB Express, 11, 1-11.
39. Yaqoob, M., Abd El-Hack, M., Hassan, F., El-Saadony, M., Khafaga, A., Batiha, G., Yehia, N., Elnesr, S., Alagawany, M., and El-Tarabily, K. (2021). The potential mechanistic insights and future implications for the effect of prebiotics on poultry performance, gut microbiome, and intestinal morphology. Poultry Science, 100(7), 101143.
40. Zhao, X., Yang, Z., Yang, W., Wang, Y., Jiang, S., and Zhang, G. (2011). Effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) on laying performance and antioxidant status of laying hens and on dietary oxidation stability. Poultry Science, 90(8), 1720-1727.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Khdr, H., Qadir, M., Shareef, O., Halshoy, H., Hama, A., Ibrahim, A., Mala, H., Abdalla, S., & Osman, S. (2024). Effects of ginger and purslane supplemented diets on the production and physiology of Japanese quail. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(3), 2025134. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025134

[1] Abd El-Hack, M. E., Alabdali, A. Y., Aldhalmi, A. K., Reda, F. M., Bassiony, S. S., Selim, S., El-Saadony, M. T., and Alagawany, M. (2022). Impacts of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract supplementation on growing Japanese quails' growth, carcass traits, blood indices, nutrients digestibility and gut microbiota. Poultry Science, 101(11), 102166.

[2] Abd El-Hack, M. E., Mahgoub, S. A., Hussein, M. M., and Saadeldin, I. M. (2018). Improving growth performance and health status of meat-type quail by supplementing the diet with black cumin cold-pressed oil as a natural alternative for antibiotics. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 1157-1167.

[3] Abdul-Majeed, A. F., and Abdul-Rahman, S. Y. (2021). Impact of breed, sex and age on hematological and biochemical parameters of local quail. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(3), 459-464.

[4] Abou-Kassem, D., El-Kholy, M., Alagawany, M., Laudadio, V., and Tufarelli, V. (2019). Age and sex-related differences in performance, carcass traits, hemato–biochemical parameters, and meat quality in Japanese quails. Poultry Science, 98(4), 1684-1691.

[5] Abou-Kassem, D. E., Mahrose, K. M., El-Samahy, R. A., Shafi, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Emam, M., El-Sharnouby, M., Taha, A. E., and Ashour, E. A. (2021). Influences of dietary herbal blend and feed restriction on growth, carcass characteristics and gut microbiota of growing rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 896-910.

[6] Al-Shuwaili, M. A., Ibrahim, E., and Naqi Al-Bayati, M. (2015). Effect of dietary herbal plants supplement in turkey diet on performance and some blood biochemical parameters. Global Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 4(2), 153-157.

[7] Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Barkat, R. A., Gabr, A. A., Foda, M. A., Noreldin, A. E., Khafaga, A. F., and El-Sabrout, K. (2021). Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health-A comprehensive review. Research in Veterinary Science, 137, 9-29.

[8] Alu’datt, M. H., Rababah, T., Alhamad, M. N., Al-Tawaha, A., Al-Tawaha, A. R., Gammoh, S., Ereifej, K. I., Al-Karaki, G., Hamasha, H. R., and Tranchant, C. C. (2019). Herbal yield, nutritive composition, phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) grown in different soilless media in a closed system. Industrial Crops and Products, 141, 111746.

[9] Batool, F., Bilal, R. M., Hassan, F. U., Nasir, T. A., Rafeeque, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Mahgoub, H. A., Naiel, M. A., and Alagawany, M. (2023). An updated review on behavior of domestic quail with reference to the negative effect of heat stress. Animal Biotechnology, 34(2), 424-437.

[10] Belachew, A. M., Feyisa, A., Ufgaa, M. G., and Yesuf, T. Y. (2021). Investigate Inhibitory Effects of Ginger polyphenols compare to Simvastatin towards HMG-CoA reductase: An Integrated Molecular Docking and Molecular dynamic simulation. bioRxiv, 2021.2008. 2011.455913.

[11] Dieumou, F., Teguia, A., Kuiate, J., Tamokou, J., Fonge, N., and Dongmo, M. (2009). Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. Livestock research for rural development, 21(8), 23-32.

[12] El-Saadony, M. T., Salem, H. M., El-Tahan, A. M., Abd El-Mageed, T. A., Soliman, S. M., Khafaga, A. F., Swelum, A. A., Ahmed, A. E., Alshammari, F. A., and Abd El-Hack, M. E. (2022). The control of poultry salmonellosis using organic agents: an updated overview. Poultry Science, 101(4), 101716.

[13] Gao, Y., Ozel, M. Z., Dugmore, T., Sulaeman, A., and Matharu, A. S. (2021). A biorefinery strategy for spent industrial ginger waste. Journal of hazardous materials, 401, 123400.

[14] Habibian, M., Sadeghi, G., and Karimi, A. (2018). Comparative effects of powder, aqueous and methanolic extracts of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on growth performance, antioxidant status, abdominal fat deposition and plasma lipids in broiler chickens. Animal production science, 59(1), 89-100.

[15] Herve, T., Raphaël, K. J., Ferdinand, N., Victor Herman, N., Willy Marvel, N. M., Cyril D’Alex, T., and Laurine Vitrice, F. T. (2019). Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) essential oil on growth and laying performances, serum metabolites, and egg yolk antioxidant and cholesterol status in laying Japanese quail. Journal of veterinary medicine, 2019.

[16] Ibrahim, A., Maduro-Dias, C., Halshoy, H., Borba, A., and Nunes, H. (2024). Optimizing nutritional value and biological profile of non-conventional forages for animal feeding by utilizing sodium hydroxide. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(11), 2024235-2024235.

[17] Jang, I., Ko, Y., Kang, S., and Lee, C. (2007). Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134(3-4), 304-315.

[18] Karangiya, V., Savsani, H., Patil, S. S., Garg, D., Murthy, K., Ribadiya, N., and Vekariya, S. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Veterinary world, 9(3), 245.

[19] Kartikasari, L., Hertanto, B., and Nuhriawangsa, A. (2023). Omega-3 profiles and chemical substances of chicken meat fed diets containing purslane (Portulaca oleraceae) meal rich in omega-3 fats. Food Research, 7(1), 35-41.

[20] Khalifa, M. I., and Noseer, E. A. (2019). Cholesterol quality of edible eggs produced by quail fed diets containing probiotic and/or ginger (Zingiber officinale). Livestock research for rural development, 31(10), 165.

[21] Khdr, H. H. K. (2017). Impact of different level peppermint and ginger supplementation on broiler performance and blood parameter (Master's thesis, Bingol University, Institute of Sciences)

[22] Kiarie, E. G., and Mills, A. (2019). Role of feed processing on gut health and function in pigs and poultry: conundrum of optimal particle size and hydrothermal regimens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 19.

[23] Lu, Z., Thanabalan, A., Leung, H., Kakhki, R. A. M., Patterson, R., and Kiarie, E. (2019). The effects of feeding yeast bioactives to broiler breeders and/or their offspring on growth performance, gut development, and immune function in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria. Poultry Science, 98(12), 6411-6421.

[24] Ma, R.-H., Ni, Z.-J., Zhu, Y.-Y., Thakur, K., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y.-Y., Hu, F., Zhang, J.-G., and Wei, Z.-J. (2021). A recent update on the multifaceted health benefits associated with ginger and its bioactive components. Food & Function, 12(2), 519-542.

[25] Mohamed, A. B., Al-Rubaee, M., and Jalil, A. G. (2012). Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Performance and. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(2), 143-146.

[26] Montoya-García, C. O., García-Mateos, R., Becerra-Martínez, E., Toledo-Aguilar, R., Volke-Haller, V. H., and Magdaleno-Villar, J. J. (2023). Bioactive compounds of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) according to the production system: A review. Scientia horticulturae, 308, 111584.

[27] Nahed, A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Albaqami, N. M., Khafaga, A. F., Taha, A. E., Swelum, A. A., El-Saadony, M. T., Salem, H. M., El-Tahan, A. M., and AbuQamar, S. F. (2022). Phytochemical control of poultry coccidiosis: a review. Poultry Science, 101(1), 101542.

[28] Nemati, Z., Moradi, Z., Alirezalu, K., Besharati, M., and Raposo, A. (2021). Impact of ginger root powder dietary supplement on productive performance, egg quality, antioxidant status and blood parameters in laying Japanese quails. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2995.

[29] Policegoudra, R., and Aradhya, S. (2007). Biochemical changes and antioxidant activity of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizomes during postharvest storage at different temperatures. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46(2), 189-194.

[30] Sabow, A. B. (2020). Carcass characteristics, physicochemical attributes, and fatty acid and amino acid compositions of meat obtained from different Japanese quail strains. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(1), 131-140.

[31] Sadeghi, G., Karimi, A., Shafeie, F., Vaziry, A., and Farhadi, D. (2016). The Effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, antioxidant status, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 184, 35-40.

[32] Safavipour, S., Tabeidian, S. A., Toghyani, M., Shahraki, A. D. F., Ghalamkari, G., and Habibian, M. (2022). Laying performance, egg quality, fertility, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes activity, gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, mucosal immunity, and cytokine levels in meat-type Japanese quail breeders fed different phytogenic levels. Research in Veterinary Science, 153, 74-87.

[33] Sheiha, A. M., Abdelnour, S. A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Khafaga, A. F., Metwally, K. A., Ajarem, J. S., Maodaa, S. N., Allam, A. A., and El-Saadony, M. T. (2020). Effects of dietary biological or chemical-synthesized nano-selenium supplementation on growing rabbits exposed to thermal stress. Animals, 10(3), 430.

[34] Sigolo, S., Khazaei, R., Seidavi, A., Ayasan, T., Gallo, A., and Prandini, A. (2019). Effects of supra-nutritional levels of vitamin E and vitamin C on growth performance and blood parameters of Japanese quails. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 18(1), 140-146.

[35] Talabani, S. K., Abid, S. A., Abdulrahman, N. M., Halshoy, H. S. H., and Karim, S. H. (2023). Inoculation of wheat with Azospirillum sp. bacteria and study of their germinated portions effects on common carp performance and health aspects. Advancements in Life Sciences, 10(3), 464-471.

[36] Tarhyel, R., Tanimomo, B., and Hena, S. (2012). Effect of sex, colour and weight group on carcass characteristics of Japanese quail.

[37] Uddin, M. K., Juraimi, A. S., Hossain, M. S., Nahar, M., Un, A., Ali, M. E., and Rahman, M. (2014). Purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea): a prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.

[38] Wang, C., Liu, Q., Ye, F., Tang, H., Xiong, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, L., Feng, X., Zhang, S., and Wan, Y. (2021). Dietary purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) promotes the growth performance of broilers by modulation of gut microbiota. AMB Express, 11, 1-11.

[39] Yaqoob, M., Abd El-Hack, M., Hassan, F., El-Saadony, M., Khafaga, A., Batiha, G., Yehia, N., Elnesr, S., Alagawany, M., and El-Tarabily, K. (2021). The potential mechanistic insights and future implications for the effect of prebiotics on poultry performance, gut microbiome, and intestinal morphology. Poultry Science, 100(7), 101143.

[40] Zhao, X., Yang, Z., Yang, W., Wang, Y., Jiang, S., and Zhang, G. (2011). Effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) on laying performance and antioxidant status of laying hens and on dietary oxidation stability. Poultry Science, 90(8), 1720-1727.

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