The potency of bay leaves extract (Eugenia Polyantha Wigh) against gram-positive coccus bacteria

Darmayanti Siregar; Siska Ella Natassa; Maudina Aulia Siregar; Kaisar Dwi Rizky; Micheel Nini Cordes Sinaga

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025355

Keywords:

Sreptococcus mutans

caries

bay leaf

Abstract

Caries, a widespread tooth decay disease affecting nearly one-third of the global population (approximately two billion people), is characterized by demineralizing hard tooth tissue and organic material damage. Numerous studies have explored natural ingredients for dental health support, and bay leaves, commonly used as cooking spices, are known to contain antibacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This research aimed to assess bay leaves' efficacy as a mouthwash in reducing oral bacteria. Conducted as a clinical trial with a parallel group design, saliva samples were collected from 10 respondents using the draining method, who gargled with 40% bay leaf extract, and 11 respondents who used a placebo. Participants aged 18-25 with a caries score of at least three were included. Saliva samples were inoculated on blood agar media, and bacterial colonies were counted using a colony counter. Identification was performed with Vitek-2 compaq. The study revealed a significant decrease in oral bacteria count in the 40% bay leaf- extract gargle group (379.30 ± 100.81 CFU/ml to 308.20 ± 51.70 CFU/ml, p-value 0.0001) compared to the placebo group. An independent t-test indicated a higher reduction in bacteria count with the 40% bay leaf extract group (71.10 ± 34.62 CFU/ml) versus the placebo (42.27 ± 108.41 CFU/ml, p-value 0.216). The study concludes that bay leaves effectively reduce oral bacteria due to their antibacterial activity, particularly within the oral cavity.
References
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18. Tammi, A., Apriliana, E., Sholeha, T. U., & Ramadhian, M. R. (2018). Potensi Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum [Wight.] Walp.) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus secara in Vitro. Journal Agromedicine Unila, 5(2), 562–566.
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20. Wiradona, I., Widjanarko, B., Kesehatan Gigi Semarang, J., & Promosi Kesehatan Universitas Diponegoro SEmarang, M. (n.d.). Pengaruh Perilaku Menggosok Gigi terhadap Plak Gigi Pada Siswa Kelas IV dan V di SDN Wilayah Kecamatan Gajahmungkur Semarang.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Siregar, D., Natassa, S. E., Siregar, M. A., Rizky, K. D., & Sinaga, M. N. C. (2025). The potency of bay leaves extract (Eugenia Polyantha Wigh) against gram-positive coccus bacteria . Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(7), 2025355. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025355

[1] Aldhaher, Z., Aldhaher, Z. A., Merza, W. M., Almelan, M. F., Shaker, R. M., & Yas, L. S. (2018). Effectiveness of Bay Leaves Aqueous Extract on Streptococcus Mutans In Comparision To Chlorhexidine Gluconate. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS, 12(4), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1204081216

[2] Baker, J. L., Bor, B., Agnello, M., Shi, W., & He, X. (2017). Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: Beyond Bacteria. Trends in Microbiology, 25(5), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.012

[3] Caselli, E., Fabbri, C., Accolti, M. D., Soffritti, I., Bassi, C., Mazzacane, S., & Franchi, M. (2020). Defining the oral microbiome by whole- genome sequencing and resistome analysis : the complexity of the healthy picture. 1–19. https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-020-01801-y

[4] CDC. (2023, January 4). Basic Oral Health. https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/conditions/index.html

[5] Fujiko, M., Maulidea, K., Mierza, V., Farmasi, J., Farmasi, F., Tjut Nyak Dhien, U., & Ilmu Kesehatan, F. (2023). JAMBURA JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL GROWTH Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis AND Micrococcus luteus WITH SALAK SEED EXTRACT (Salacca zalacca (Geartn.) Voss). https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjhsr/index

[6] Gusmiah, T., Ully Oktaviani, R., & Tinggi Ilmu Keperawatan Muhammadiyah Pontianak, S. (2014). Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzigium Polyanthum) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Keperawatan Dan Kesehatan, 5(1). http://journal.stikmuhptk.ac.id/jkk

[7] Handayani, F., Warnida, H., & Nur, S. J. (2016). Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari Sediaan Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.). Media Sains, 9(April), 74–84.

[8] Huang, Y. K., & Chang, Y. C. (2022). Oral health: The first step to sustainable development goal 3. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 121(7), 1348–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2021.10.018

[9] Johansson, I., Witkowska, E., Kaveh, B., Lif Holgerson, P., & Tanner, A. C. R. (2016). The Microbiome in Populations with a Low and High Prevalence of Caries. Journal of Dental Research, 95(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515609554

[10] Kalpana Bansal, Rama Chaudary, Vijay P Mathur, N. T. (2020). Comparison of oral micro-flora in caries active and caries free Indian children using culture techniques and PCR analysis. Indian J Dent Res, 31(3), 420–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_39_19

[11] Li, X., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Li, C., & Song, Z. (2022). The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(April), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.895537

[12] Loban, G. A., Faustova, M. O., Chereda, V. V., & Ananieva, M. M. (2021). Epidemiological and etiological aspects of dental caries development. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 38(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.5937/AFMNAI38-27564

[13] Nagakubo, D., & Kaibori, Y. (2023). Oral Microbiota: The Influences and Interactions of Saliva, IgA, and Dietary Factors in Health and Disease. Microorganisms, 11(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092307

[14] Polskiego, C., & Lekarskiego, T. (2017). Kocuria Rosae, Kocuria Kristinae, Leuconostoc Mesenteroides As Caries-Causing Representatives of Oral Microflora. Wiadomosci Lekarskie, Wiad Lek 2017, 70, 2, cz. II, 296-298

[15] Ramadhania, Q. (2020). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Eugenia polyantha W) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Gigi, 2(1), 12–18.

[16] Riskesdas. (2019). Laporan Nasional Riskesdas. Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.

[17] Silalahi, M. (n.d.). Syzygium polyanthum(Wight) Walp. (Botani, Metabolit Sekunder dan Pemanfaatan).

[18] Tammi, A., Apriliana, E., Sholeha, T. U., & Ramadhian, M. R. (2018). Potensi Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum [Wight.] Walp.) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus secara in Vitro. Journal Agromedicine Unila, 5(2), 562–566.

[19] WHO. (2022). Global oral health status report. http://apps.who.int/bookorders.

[20] Wiradona, I., Widjanarko, B., Kesehatan Gigi Semarang, J., & Promosi Kesehatan Universitas Diponegoro SEmarang, M. (n.d.). Pengaruh Perilaku Menggosok Gigi terhadap Plak Gigi Pada Siswa Kelas IV dan V di SDN Wilayah Kecamatan Gajahmungkur Semarang.

Abstract

References

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