Identify the type and cause of anemia in pregnant women by examining peripheral blood smears

Suchi Avnalurini Sharief; Sitti Patimah; Nur Ulmy Mahmud; Ira Jayanti

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025280

Keywords:

anemia

pregnant women

peripheral blood smear

Abstract

The primary objective of this research is to identify the types and causes of anemia in pregnant women in the city of Makassar. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive design and an analytical observational method using a cross-sectional approach. Purposive sampling was conducted among pregnant women in the third trimester undergoing pregnancy checks at Community Health Centers in Tamalate, Antang, and Pampang, with hemoglobin levels <11 g/dL. The findings revealed two types of anemia among the 40 respondents, namely microcytic and normocytic anemia. The distribution was 60% for microcytic anemia and 40% for normocytic anemia. Predominantly, 35% of microcytic anemia cases were attributed to iron deficiency linked to chronic disease with signs of infection, while 15% of normocytic anemias were associated with infection. The majority of pregnant women experienced a moderate degree of anemia. Peripheral blood smear examinations depicted a prevalence of microcytic anemia with characteristics of Fe-DD deficiency and infection, followed by normocytic anemia with infectious causes. Peripheral blood smears proved to be effective in describing the types and causes of anemia in pregnant women. The hope is that by understanding the specific causes, appropriate treatments can be administered to address anemia in mothers.
References
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3. Alemayehu, A., Gedefaw, L., Yemane, T., & Asres, Y. (2016). Prevalence, severity, and determinant factors of anemia among pregnant women in South Sudanese refugees, Pugnido, Western Ethiopia. Anemia, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/108593
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5. Bukhari, A., Hamid, F., Minhajat, R., Sheryl, N., Marsella, C. P., Microbiology, D., et al. (2020). Non-nutritional anemia and related diseases in Indonesia: A systematic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 29(Suppl 1), S41–S54.
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7. Fallatah, A. M., Bifari, A. E., Alshehri, H. Z., Wali, S. M., Alghamdi, S. A., Almusallam, S. A., et al. (2020). Anemia and cost-effectiveness of complete blood count testing among pregnant women at King Abdulaziz University Hospital: A single tertiary center experience. Cureus, 12(9).
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9. Langdon, J. M., Yates, S. C., Femnou, L. K., McCranor, B. J., Cheadle, C., Xue, Q. L., et al. (2014). Hepcidin-dependent and hepcidin-independent regulation of erythropoiesis in a mouse model of anemia of chronic inflammation. American Journal of Hematology, 89(5), 470–479.
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11. Melku, M., Addis, Z., Alem, M., & Enawgaw, B. (2014). Prevalence and predictors of maternal anemia during pregnancy in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An institutional-based cross-sectional study. Anemia, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/108593
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14. Neil, O. J. (2017). Diagnosing and classifying anemia in adult primary care. American Family Physician, 98(6), 354–361.
15. Nurana, S., Hamang, S. H., & Saputri, L. H. (2024). The effectiveness of companions taking blood-added tablets on hemoglobin levels of pregnant women. An Idea Health Journal, 4(3), 135–139.
16. Okia, C. C., Aine, B., Kiiza, R., Omuba, P., Wagubi, R., Muwanguzi, E., et al. (2019). Prevalence, morphological classification, and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women accessing antenatal clinic at Itojo Hospital, south western Uganda. Journal of Blood Medicine, 10, 351–357.
17. Olatunbosun, O. A., Abasiattai, A. M., Bassey, E. A., James, R. S., Ibanga, G., & Morgan, A. (2014). Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women at admission at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria. Anemia, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/108593
18. Phillips, J., & Henderson, A. C. (2018). Hemolytic anemia: Evaluation and differential diagnosis. American Family Physician, 98(6), 354–361.
19. Rawat, K., Rawat, N., Mathur, N., Mathur, M., Chauhan, N., & Kakkar, R., et al. (2016). Prevalence and pattern of anemia in the second and third trimester pregnancy in Western Rajasthan. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 4(11), 4797–4799.
20. Rezk, M., Marawan, H., Dawood, R., Masood, A., & Abo-Elnasr, M. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women in rural districts of Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 35(7), 663–666.
21. Riskesdas. (2019). Data anemia. Jakarta.
22. Sari, R. (2021). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Jurnal Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak, 7(2).
23. Sharief, S. A., Minhajat, R., Riu, D. S., Bukhari, A., & Amir, H. (2024). Normocytic anemia in pregnant women: A scoping review. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 79(5), 646–657.
24. Tanziha, I., Damanik, M. R. M., Utama, L. J., & Rosmiati, R. (2016). Risk factors for anemia among pregnant women in Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi dan Digestive, 11(2), 143–152.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Sharief, S. A., Patimah, S., Mahmud, N. U., & Jayanti, I. (2024). Identify the type and cause of anemia in pregnant women by examining peripheral blood smears. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(6), 2025280. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025280

[1] Adamu, A. L., Crampin, A., Kayuni, N., Amberbir, A., Koole, O., Phiri, A., et al. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors for anemia severity and type in Malawian men and women: Urban and rural differences. Population Health Metrics, 15(1), 1–15.

[2] Adebo, A. A., Yessoufou, A. G., Alamou, O. F., Bouko, M. B., Soumanou, M. M., & Sezan, A. (2019). Epidemiological aspects of anemia in pregnant women received in consultation at the University Hospital Center of Abomey-Calavi/So-Ava (Southern Benin). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 21–25.

[3] Alemayehu, A., Gedefaw, L., Yemane, T., & Asres, Y. (2016). Prevalence, severity, and determinant factors of anemia among pregnant women in South Sudanese refugees, Pugnido, Western Ethiopia. Anemia, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/108593

[4] Anchang-Kimbi, J. K., Nkweti, V. N., Ntonifor, H. N., Apinjoh, T. O., Chi, H. F., Tata, R. B., et al. (2017). Profile of red blood cell morphologies and causes of anemia among pregnant women at first clinic visit in the Mount Cameroon area: A prospective cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 1–7.

[5] Bukhari, A., Hamid, F., Minhajat, R., Sheryl, N., Marsella, C. P., Microbiology, D., et al. (2020). Non-nutritional anemia and related diseases in Indonesia: A systematic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 29(Suppl 1), S41–S54.

[6] Cahyani, D. D. C., Ayundasari, E., Mardiana, H. R., Sunaeni, S., Anwar, I., & Mulyati, M. (2023). The effect of giving calcium as an effort to prevent preeclampsia: A literature review. An Idea Nursing Journal, 2(2), 92–101.

[7] Fallatah, A. M., Bifari, A. E., Alshehri, H. Z., Wali, S. M., Alghamdi, S. A., Almusallam, S. A., et al. (2020). Anemia and cost-effectiveness of complete blood count testing among pregnant women at King Abdulaziz University Hospital: A single tertiary center experience. Cureus, 12(9).

[8] Gebreweld, A., Bekele, D., & Tsegaye, A. (2018). Hematological profile of pregnant women at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Hematology, 18(1), 1–7.

[9] Langdon, J. M., Yates, S. C., Femnou, L. K., McCranor, B. J., Cheadle, C., Xue, Q. L., et al. (2014). Hepcidin-dependent and hepcidin-independent regulation of erythropoiesis in a mouse model of anemia of chronic inflammation. American Journal of Hematology, 89(5), 470–479.

[10] Makassar City Health Service. (2021). Anemia data 2021. Makassar.

[11] Melku, M., Addis, Z., Alem, M., & Enawgaw, B. (2014). Prevalence and predictors of maternal anemia during pregnancy in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An institutional-based cross-sectional study. Anemia, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/108593

[12] Ministry of Health RI. (2019). West Sulawesi provincial report Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Health Research and Development Agency.

[13] Mutiawati, V. K. (2018). Aspek laboratorium pada anemia normositik hiperproliferatif dan hipoproliferatif. Jurnal Kedokteran Nanggroe Medika, 1(2), 71–80.

[14] Neil, O. J. (2017). Diagnosing and classifying anemia in adult primary care. American Family Physician, 98(6), 354–361.

[15] Nurana, S., Hamang, S. H., & Saputri, L. H. (2024). The effectiveness of companions taking blood-added tablets on hemoglobin levels of pregnant women. An Idea Health Journal, 4(3), 135–139.

[16] Okia, C. C., Aine, B., Kiiza, R., Omuba, P., Wagubi, R., Muwanguzi, E., et al. (2019). Prevalence, morphological classification, and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women accessing antenatal clinic at Itojo Hospital, south western Uganda. Journal of Blood Medicine, 10, 351–357.

[17] Olatunbosun, O. A., Abasiattai, A. M., Bassey, E. A., James, R. S., Ibanga, G., & Morgan, A. (2014). Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women at admission at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria. Anemia, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/108593

[18] Phillips, J., & Henderson, A. C. (2018). Hemolytic anemia: Evaluation and differential diagnosis. American Family Physician, 98(6), 354–361.

[19] Rawat, K., Rawat, N., Mathur, N., Mathur, M., Chauhan, N., & Kakkar, R., et al. (2016). Prevalence and pattern of anemia in the second and third trimester pregnancy in Western Rajasthan. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 4(11), 4797–4799.

[20] Rezk, M., Marawan, H., Dawood, R., Masood, A., & Abo-Elnasr, M. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women in rural districts of Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 35(7), 663–666.

[21] Riskesdas. (2019). Data anemia. Jakarta.

[22] Sari, R. (2021). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Jurnal Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak, 7(2).

[23] Sharief, S. A., Minhajat, R., Riu, D. S., Bukhari, A., & Amir, H. (2024). Normocytic anemia in pregnant women: A scoping review. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 79(5), 646–657.

[24] Tanziha, I., Damanik, M. R. M., Utama, L. J., & Rosmiati, R. (2016). Risk factors for anemia among pregnant women in Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi dan Digestive, 11(2), 143–152.

Abstract

References

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