Assesment risk factor for tuberculosis transmission among children: Case study in Medan

Izzah Dienillah Saragih; Winni Ramadhani Elistria Tumanggor; Indra Chahaya; Cholina Trisa Siregar

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025016

Keywords:

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect individuals of all age groups. According to the Global Tuberculosis Report in 2022, approximately 1.2 million children and adolescents under the age of 15 were diagnosed with TB. Additionally, a significant increase in TB incidence among children in Indonesia was observed, rising from 42,187 cases in 2021 to 100,726 new cases in 2022. Based on Riskesdas data from 2018, North Sumatra ranks second among provinces with the highest incidence of tuberculosis cases. The aim of this study was to identify the risk variables associated with the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children residing in Medan. An analytical observational study with a case-control study design was employed. The results indicated that TB cases were present in 21 out of 42 community health centers in Medan city. Participants included children aged 5-14 years and parents with incomes below the Minimum Wage. The majority of the participants had parents who smoked, were exposed to contact transmission, and lived in inadequate housing conditions. The findings also revealed that transmission through direct contact was the primary and most significant risk factor for TB among the children. The risk factors for tuberculosis transmission among children were identified as gender, number of persons living per room, and a history of contact with TB sufferers. It is recommended that efforts be made to prioritize contact tracing, community education, family intervention, and continuous surveillance to strengthen contact tracing programs.
References
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Saragih, I. D., Tumanggor , W. R. E., Chahaya, I., & Siregar, C. T. (2024). Assesment risk factor for tuberculosis transmission among children: Case study in Medan. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(1), 2025016. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025016

[1] Adane, A., Damena, M., Weldegebreal, F. and Mohammed, H., (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in public health facilities of Haramaya district, Oromia region, eastern Ethiopia. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2020.

[2] Asyary, A., Eryando, T., Junadi, P., Clark, C.J. and van Teijlingen, E., (2017). Level of exposure to childhood tuberculosis in household contacts with adult pulmonary tuberculosis. KESMAS-National Public Health Journal, 12(1), 1-6.

[3] Bagcchi, S., (2023). WHO's global tuberculosis report 2022. The Lancet Microbe, 4(1), p.e20.

[4] Dodd, P.J., Gardiner, E., Coghlan, R. and Seddon, J.A., (2014). Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 2(8), pp.e453-e459.

[5] Elwood, M., (2017). Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Oxford University Press.

[6] Kak, N., Chakraborty, K., Sadaphal, S., AlMossawi, H.J., Calnan, M. and Vikarunnessa, B., (2020). Strategic priorities for TB control in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines–comparative analysis of national TB prevalence surveys. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-7.

[7] Laghari, M., Sulaiman, S.A.S., Khan, A.H., Talpur, B.A., Bhatti, Z. and Memon, N., (2019). Contact screening and risk factors for TB among the household contact of children with active TB: a way to find source case and new TB cases. BMC public health, 19(1), 1-10.

[8] Marquez, C., Atukunda, M., Balzer, L.B., Chamie, G., Kironde, J., Ssemmondo, E., Ruel, T.D., Mwangwa, F., Tram, K.H., Clark, T.D. and Kwarisiima, D., (2020). The age-specific burden and household and school-based predictors of child and adolescent tuberculosis infection in rural Uganda. PloS one, 15(1), p.e0228102.

[9] Nurjaman, U., Setiani, O. and Sulistiyani, S., (2019). Risk Factors For The Incidence Of Tuberculosis In Children At Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), 7(5), 612-618.

[10] Ogbudebe, C.L., Adepoju, V., Ekerete-Udofia, C., Abu, E., Egesemba, G., Chukwueme, N. and Gidado, M., (2018). Childhood tuberculosis in Nigeria: disease presentation and treatment outcomes. Health services insights, 11, p.1178632918757490.

[11] Patterson, B. and Wood, R., (2019). Is cough really necessary for TB transmission?. Tuberculosis, 117, 31-35

[12] Rezaei, N. ed., (2023). Tuberculosis: Integrated Studies for a Complex Disease (Vol. 11). Springer Nature.

[13] Roy, R.B., Whittaker, E., Seddon, J.A. and Kampmann, B., (2019). Tuberculosis susceptibility and protection in children. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(3), pp.e96-e108.

[14] Safiri, S., Mahmoodpoor, A., Kolahi, A.A., Nejadghaderi, S.A., Sullman, M.J., Mansournia, M.A., Ansarin, K., Collins, G.S., Kaufman, J.S. and Abdollahi, M., (2023). Global burden of lower respiratory infections during the last three decades. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, p.1028525.

[15] Shimeles, E., Enquselassie, F., Aseffa, A., Tilahun, M., Mekonen, A., Wondimagegn, G. and Hailu, T., (2019). Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case–control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PloS one, 14(4), p.e0214235.

[16] Siregar, F.A., Andayani, L.S. and Sinaga, M.M., (2019). Identification of tuberculosis infection and sociodemographic risk among children who come into household contact with tuberculosis in Medan, Indonesia. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 10(s1).

[17] Sousa, G.J.B., Silva, J.C.D.O., Queiroz, T.V.D., Bravo, L.G., Brito, G.C.B., Pereira, A.D.S., Pereira, M.L.D. and Santos, L.K.X.D., (2019). Clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 72, 1271-1278.

[18] Stival, A., Chiappini, E., Montagnani, C., Orlandini, E., Buzzoni, C., Galli, L. and de Martino, M., (2014). Sexual dimorphism in tuberculosis incidence: children cases compared to adult cases in Tuscany from 1997 to 2011. PLoS One, 9(9), p.e105277.

[19] Sulistyawati, S. and Ramadhan, A.W., (2021). Risk factors for Tuberculosis in an Urban setting in Indonesia: a case-control study in Umbulharjo I, Yogyakarta. Journal of UOEH, 43(2), 165-171.

[20] Wikurendra, E.A., Herdiani, N., Tarigan, Y.G. and Kurnianto, A.A., (2021). Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis and countermeasures: A literature review. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(F), 549-555.

[21] World Health Organization, (2018). WHO housing and health guidelines.

[22] World Health Organization, (2021). Regional strategic plan towards ending TB in the WHO South-East Asia Region: 2021–2025. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia.

[23] World Health Organization, (2023). Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Tuberculosis (STAG-TB): report of the 22nd meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 6–8 June 2022. World Health Organization.

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