Ethnobotanical investigation of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the traditional treatment of COVID-19 in the rural commune of Bni Hadifa, province of Al Hoceima (Central Rif, Northern Morocco)

Sanae Jahjah; Karima Ait Alla; El Hadi Erbiai; Mounir Legssyer; Chaima Alaoui Jamali; Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva; Abdelfettah Maouni; Rabah Saidi

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2024149

Keywords:

rural commune of Bni Hadifa

Covid-19

ethnobotany, aromatic

medicinal plants

Abstract

This ethnobotanical investigation was conducted in the rural commune of Bni Hadifa belonging to the Al Hoceima province (North of Morocco), to inventory the principal medicinal plants traditionally used to treat Covid-19. Ethnobotanical information was recorded from 84 inhabitants aged over 18 years in the different communes of the study area, using an ethnobotanical survey based on a questionnaire and semistructured interviews. Data were examined by surveying the relative citation frequency (RFC) and family importance value (FIV). The obtained results permitted the inventory of 40 aromatic and medicinal plants (MAPs) species owned by 20 families, the most important of which by their number of species were: Lamiaceae (12 species), Apiaceae (5 species), Asteraceae (3 species), and two species for each of Amaryllidaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rutaceae. Furthermore, the following species: Allium sativum, Thymus glandulosus, Lavandula dentata L, Citrus limon L, Eucalyptus globulus labill, Artemisia herba-alba, and Marrubium vulgare L were the most frequently cited by the RFC index. Leaves were found to be the common plant organ used to treat Covid-19, while decoction was the most frequent preparation mode. This study also showed that over 90% of the respondents proved the efficacy of the plants used against Covid-19. However, most of the users of these plants did not respect the administered doses and were unaware of the toxicity and lethal effects that could be caused by these plants when taking high doses. The results of this survey demonstrate that the plants used to combat Covid-19 may constitute a promising database for future research in the extraction and chemical analysis of potentially effective biomolecules against this virus.
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How to cite

Jahjah, S., Ait Alla, K., Erbiai, E. H., Legssyer, M., Jamali, C. A., Silva, J. C. G. E. da, Maouni, A., & Saidi , R. (2024). Ethnobotanical investigation of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the traditional treatment of COVID-19 in the rural commune of Bni Hadifa, province of Al Hoceima (Central Rif, Northern Morocco). Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(8), 2024149. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024149

[1] Abou, A. H., Belkaid, B., Belkaid, A. B., Mohammed, B., & Abou, S. (2020). Ghoul Meriem. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342338742.

[2] Aćimović, M., Jeremić, K., Salaj, N., Gavarić, N., Kiprovski, B., Sikora, V., & Zeremski, T. (2020). Marrubium vulgare L.: A phytochemical and pharmacological overview. In Molecules, 25(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122898.

[3] A. Moukhles1, A. I. M. A. E. J. A. (2018). Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of the pure essential oils and essential oils extracted from their corresponding hydrolats from different wild varieties of Moroccan thyme. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 9(3), 794–803.

[4] Ajjoun, M., Fakchich, J., & Elachouri, M. (2021). First insight on ethnobotanical appraisal of plants used traditionally as medicine by Berber community (Amazigh-speaking), living in Driouch province (North eastern Morocco). Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 22, 1-71.

[5] Babich, O., Sukhikh, S., Prosekov, A., Asyakina, L., & Ivanova, S. (2020). Medicinal plants to strengthen immunity during a pandemic. In Pharmaceuticals, 13(10), 1–18. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13100313.

[6] Belhaj, S., & Research, L. Z. (n.d.). Medicinal plants used to boost immunity and decrease the intensity of infection caused by SARS-COV-2 in Morocco. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.21.41.1-17.

[7] Bellakhdar, J., Claisse, R., Fleurentin, J., & Younos, C. (1991). Repertory of standard herbal drugs in the Moroccan pharmacopoea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35(2), 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90064-K.

[8] Benabid, Abdelmalek. (2000). Flore et écosystèmes du Maroc : évaluation et préservation de la biodiversité. Ibis Press.

[9] Bieski, I. G. C., Leonti, M., Arnason, J. T., Ferrier, J., Rapinski, M., Violante, I. M. P., Balogun, S. O., Pereira, J. F. C. A., Figueiredo, R. D. C. F., Lopes, C. R. A. S., Da Silva, D. R., Pacini, A., Albuquerque, U. P., & De Oliveira Martins, D. T. (2015). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by population of Valley of Juruena Region, Legal Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173, 383–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.025.

[10] Bouyahya, A., Chamkhi, I., Menyiy, N. El, Moudden, H. El, Harhar, H., Idrissi, Z. L. El, Khouchlaa, A., Jouadi, I., Baaboua, A. El, Taha, D., Balahbib, A., Khalid, A., Abdalla, A. N., Zengin, G., Simal-Gandara, J., & El Omari, N. (2023). Traditional use, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacological properties of Lavandula dentata L.: A comprehensive review. South African Journal of Botany, 154, 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAJB.2023.01.023.

[11] Brahmi, F., Iblhoulen, Y., Issaadi, H., Elsebai, M. F., Madani, K., & Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L. (2023). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of bejaia localities from algeria to prevent and treat coronavirus (COVID-19) infection shortened title: phytomedicine to manage COVID-19 pandemic. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 23(3), 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-022-00649-z.

[12] Cadena-González, A. L., Sørensen, M., & Theilade, I. (2013). Use and valuation of native and introduced medicinal plant species in Campo Hermoso and Zetaquira, Boyacá, Colombia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-23.

[13] Castrillón, V., El Kadmiri, A., & Leonard, S. (2002). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc. Volume II.

[14] Chaachouay, N., Benkhnigue, O., Fadli, M., El Ibaoui, H., & Zidane, L. (2019). Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment of metabolic diseases in the Moroccan. Rif. Heliyon, 5(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02191.

[15] Chaachouay, N., Benkhnigue, O., Ibaoui, H. El, Ayadi, R. El, & Research, L. Z. (2019). Medicinal plants used for diabetic problems in the Rif, Morocco. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 18(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.18.21.1-29.

[16] Chaachouay, N., Douira, A., & Zidane, L. (2021). COVID-19, prevention and treatment with herbal medicine in the herbal markets of Salé Prefecture, North-Western Morocco. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101285.

[17] Chohra, D., & Ferchichi, L. (2019). Ethnobotanical study of Belezma National Park (BNP) plants in Batna: East of Algeria. Acta Scientifica Naturalis, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.2478/asn-2019-0017.

[18] Chebaibi, M., Bousta, D., Bourhia, M., Baammi, S., Salamatullah, A. M., Nafidi, H. A., Achour, S. (2022). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used against COVID-19. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM.

[19] Christaki, E., Bonos, E., Giannenas, I., & Florou-Paneri, P. (2012). Aromatic Plants as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. Agriculture, 2, 228–243. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture2030228.

[20] Damjanović-Vratnica, B., Dakov, T., Šuković, D., & Damjanović, J. (2011). Antimicrobial effect of essential oil isolated from eucalyptus globulus Labill. from Montenegro. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.17221/114/2009-cjfs.

[21] Del Río, J. A., Fuster, M. D., Gómez, P., Porras, I., García-Lidón, A., & Ortuño, A. (2004). Citrus limon: a source of flavonoids of pharmaceutical interest. Food Chemistry, 84(3), 457–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00272-3.

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