The main causative factor of increased mortality rate in experimental rat

Hala Adnan Abdul-Hameed; Hayder Fadhil Saloom

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2024130

Keywords:

Abstract

Rats are still often used in vital areas of biological study. Animal management, behavior, compliance and technical processes directly relevant to research projects are just a few of the many duties placed on the shoulders of those conducting such studies. This study was designed to fill a gap in the literature by providing a rapid reference source for researchers and animal care takers responsible for the care and/or usage of rats in research settings, since no prior study has detailed the death rate of experimental rats. A total of 103 adult wister albino rats, aged (12-15) weeks, were included in this study. The rats were subjected to orthodontic treatment using a metal spring coil measuring 6 mm in length, with force of 100 gm. to induce tooth movement. The experimental study involved a total of 56 rats, with 47 rats being excluded from the study due to mortality during the course of the study. The total death rate was determined. The greatest fatality rate was found to be 32%, and it was caused by rats related factors. The anesthetic death rate was 23%. The mortality rate in a controlled laboratory environment was 26%. The lowest cause of death rate was found to be the environmental factors at 19%. To maintain the reliability and repeatability of study results, it is crucial to implement a health monitoring programme for the experimental rat, whose death rate may be significantly impacted by factors such as biological diversity, stress, and an exhausted mechanism.
References
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21. Graham, A.L. (2021). Naturalizing mouse models for immunology. NatImmunol 22,111–117 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-00857-2
22. Hankenson, F. C., Marx, J. O., Gordon, C. J., & David, J. M. (2018). Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment. Comparative Medicine, 68(6), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000049
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26. Ibrahim, S.R. and Abbas. (2012). Evaluation of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontitis and gingivitis and its correlation with some risk factors. J Bagh Coll Dent, 24, pp. 158-162.
27. Khamees, A. M., & Al Groosh, D. H. (2023). Effect of vitamin D deficiency on postorthodontic relapse: An animal study. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.765.
28. Khamees, A. M., Al Groosh, D. H., & Al-Rawi, N. H. (2023). Effects of vitamin D deficiency on bone and root re-sorption post-orthodontic retention in rats. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 35(2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v35i2.3403
29. Kohler, J. R., Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. (2014). The Spectrum of Fungi That Infects Humans. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 5(1), a019273–a019273. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019273
30. Koolhaas, J. M. (2010). The Laboratory Rat. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals, 311–326. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318777.ch22
31. Lombardo, L., Martines, E., Mazzanti, V., Arreghini, A., Mollica, F., & Siciliani, G. (2016). Stress relaxation properties of four orthodontic aligner materials: a 24-hour in vitro study. The Angle Orthodontist, 87(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.2319/113015-813.1
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42. Sotoudeh, N., & Namavar, M. R. (2022). Optimisation of ketamine‐xylazine anaesthetic dose and its association with changes in the dendritic spine of CA1 hippocampus in the young and old male and female Wistar rats. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8(6), 2545-2552. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.936
43. Van Loo, P. L. P., Kuin, N., Sommer, R., Avsaroglu, H., Pham, T., & Baumans, V. (2007). Impact of “living apart together” on postoperative recovery of mice compared with social and individual housing. Laboratory Animals, 41(4), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367707782314328
44. Whipple, B., Agar, J., Zhao, J., Pearce, D. A., & Kovács, A. D. (2021). The acidified drinking water-induced changes in the behavior and gut microbiota of wild-type mice depend on the acidification mode. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82570-0
45. Yildirimturk, S., Batu, S., Alatli, C., Olgac, V., Firat, D., & Sirin, Y. (2016). The effects of supplemental melatonin administration on the healing of bone defects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 24(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720150570

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How to cite

Abdul-Hameed, H. A., & Saloom, H. F. (2024). The main causative factor of increased mortality rate in experimental rat. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(8), 2024130. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024130

[1] Abed, S. S., & Al-Bustani, A. I. (2013). Corticotomy Assisted Orthodontic Canine Retraction. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 25 (Speacial Issue 1), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.12816/0015134

[2] Abou-Ismail, U.A., & Mahboub, H.D. (2011). The effects of enriching laboratory cages using various physical structures on multiple measures of welfare in singly-housed rats. Laboratory animals, 45(3),145-153. https://doi.org/10.1258/la.2011.010149

[3] ALJuboury, R. A., & Al-Shawi, N. N. (2022). Anti-obesity effect of simvastatin and omega-3 and its combination on obese model male Wistar rats. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.31351/vol31iss2pp101-112

[4] Alnajar, H. A. A. M., & Al Groosh, D. H. (2020). The effects of calcitonin on post‐orthodontic relapse in rats. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 7(3), 293–301. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.373

[5] Arts, J.W., Kramer, K., Arndt, S.S. and Ohl, F. (2012). The impact of transportation on physiological and behavioral parameters in Wistar rats: implications for acclimatization periods. ILAR journal, 53(1), E82-E98. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.53.1.82

[6] Aupanun, S., Poapolathep, S., Giorgi, M., Imsilp, K., & Poapolathep, A. (2017). An overview of the toxicology and toxicokinetics of fusarenon-X, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 79(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0008

[7] Bailoo, J.D., Voelkl, B., Varholick, J., Novak, J., Murphy, E., Rosso, M., Palme, R. and Würbel, H. (2020). Effects of weaning age and housing conditions on phenotypic differences in mice. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.11684. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68549-3

[8] Balcombe, J. (2010). Laboratory Rodent Welfare: Thinking Outside the Cage. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 13(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888700903372168

[9] Baumans, V. (2005). Environmental Enrichment for Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits: Requirements of Rodents, Rabbits, and Research. ILAR Journal, 46(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.2.162

[10] Ben-Ami Bartal, I., Rodgers, D. A., Bernardez Sarria, M. S., Decety, J., & Mason, P. (2014). Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience. ELife, 3. CLOCKSS. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.01385

[11] Berry, S. H. (2015). Analgesia in the Perioperative Period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 45(5), 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.007

[12] Burn, C. C. (2008). What is it like to be a rat? Rat sensory perception and its implications for experimental design and rat welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 112(1–2), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.02.007

[13] Cait, J., Cait, A., Scott, R. W., Winder, C. B., & Mason, G. J. (2022). Conventional laboratory housing increases morbidity and mortality in research rodents: results of a meta-analysis. BMC biology, 20(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01184-0

[14] Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (2002) FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of rodent and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units. Laboratory Animals, 36, 20 – 42.

[15] Festing, M. F. (2010). Inbred strains should replace outbred stocks in toxicology, safety testing, and drug development. Toxicologic pathology, 38(5), 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623310373776

[16] Fischer, A. W., Cannon, B., & Nedergaard, J. (2019). The answer to the question “What is the best housing temperature to translate mouse experiments to humans?” is: thermoneutrality. Molecular Metabolism, 26, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2019.05.006

[17] Flecknell, P.A., (2009). Laboratory Animal Anesthesia, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London. Chapter 6, pp 63–72. https://doi.org/10.22233/9781905319565.6

[18] Foley, P. L., Kendall, L. V., & Turner, P. V. (2019). Clinical Management of Pain in Rodents. Comparative Medicine, 69(6), 468–489. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000048

[19] Gavrilova, N. S., & Gavrilov, L. A. (2014). Biodemography of Old-Age Mortality in Humans and Rodents. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu009

[20] Gonçalves, S. S., Souza, A. C. R., Chowdhary, A., Meis, J. F., & Colombo, A. L. (2016). Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida and Aspergillus. Mycoses, 59(4), 198–219. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12469

[21] Graham, A.L. (2021). Naturalizing mouse models for immunology. NatImmunol 22,111–117 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-00857-2

[22] Hankenson, F. C., Marx, J. O., Gordon, C. J., & David, J. M. (2018). Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment. Comparative Medicine, 68(6), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000049

[23] Harraa S.A, (2009). The effect of glucocorticosteroid medication on orthodontically induced root resorption (an experimental study on rats). A Master Thesis in Science of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad.

[24] Hubrecht, R., & Kirkwood, J. (Eds.). (2010). The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318777

[25] Hussein Z. K. and Saloom H.F. (2020). Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Appliance with Diabetes Mellitus and Curcumin on the Body Weight of Experimental Rat, J Res Med Dent Sci, 8(2): 42-48.

[26] Ibrahim, S.R. and Abbas. (2012). Evaluation of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontitis and gingivitis and its correlation with some risk factors. J Bagh Coll Dent, 24, pp. 158-162.

[27] Khamees, A. M., & Al Groosh, D. H. (2023). Effect of vitamin D deficiency on postorthodontic relapse: An animal study. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.765.

[28] Khamees, A. M., Al Groosh, D. H., & Al-Rawi, N. H. (2023). Effects of vitamin D deficiency on bone and root re-sorption post-orthodontic retention in rats. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 35(2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v35i2.3403

[29] Kohler, J. R., Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. (2014). The Spectrum of Fungi That Infects Humans. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 5(1), a019273–a019273. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019273

[30] Koolhaas, J. M. (2010). The Laboratory Rat. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals, 311–326. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318777.ch22

[31] Lombardo, L., Martines, E., Mazzanti, V., Arreghini, A., Mollica, F., & Siciliani, G. (2016). Stress relaxation properties of four orthodontic aligner materials: a 24-hour in vitro study. The Angle Orthodontist, 87(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.2319/113015-813.1

[32] Liss, C., Litwak, K., Reinhardt, V. and Tilford, D. eds. (2015). Comfortable quarters for laboratory animals. Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institute

[33] Massari, C. H. de A. L., Martins, N. O., Jozala, A. F., Grotto, D., & Gerenutti, M. (2019). Laboratory animal welfare: Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 55(4), e145008. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.145008

[34] Maurer, K. J., & Quimby, F. W. (2015). Animal Models in Biomedical Research. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1497–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00034-1

[35] National Research Council. (2009). Recognition and alleviation of pain in laboratory animals, Washington (DC): National Academies Press

[36] Navarro, K. L., Huss, M., Smith, J. C., Sharp, P., Marx, J. O., & Pacharinsak, C. (2021). Mouse anesthesia: the art and science. ILAR journal, 62(1-2), 238-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilab016

[37] Patrick Sharp and Jason S. Villano, 2013. The Laboratory Rat. Text book; Second Edition.

[38] Pound, P., & Ritskes-Hoitinga, M. (2018). Is it possible to overcome issues of external validity in preclinical animal research? Why most animal models are bound to fail. Journal of Translational Medicine, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1678-1

[39] Rowland, N. E., & Toth, L. A. (2019). Analytic and interpretational pitfalls to measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites in laboratory rats and mice. Comparative Medicine, 69(5), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-CM-18-000119

[40] Roughan, J. V., & Flecknell, P. A. (2003). Evaluation of a short duration behaviour‐based post‐operative pain scoring system in rats. European Journal of Pain, 7(5), 397–406. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3801(02)00140-4

[41] Seyedmousavi, S., Bosco, S. de M. G., de Hoog, S., Ebel, F., Elad, D., Gomes, R. R., Jacobsen, I. D., Jensen, H. E., Martel, A., Mignon, B., Pasmans, F., Piecková, E., Rodrigues, A. M., Singh, K., Vicente, V. A., Wibbelt, G., Wiederhold, N. P., & Guillot, J. (2018). Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations. Medical Mycology, 56(suppl_1), S165–S187. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx104

[42] Sotoudeh, N., & Namavar, M. R. (2022). Optimisation of ketamine‐xylazine anaesthetic dose and its association with changes in the dendritic spine of CA1 hippocampus in the young and old male and female Wistar rats. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8(6), 2545-2552. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.936

[43] Van Loo, P. L. P., Kuin, N., Sommer, R., Avsaroglu, H., Pham, T., & Baumans, V. (2007). Impact of “living apart together” on postoperative recovery of mice compared with social and individual housing. Laboratory Animals, 41(4), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367707782314328

[44] Whipple, B., Agar, J., Zhao, J., Pearce, D. A., & Kovács, A. D. (2021). The acidified drinking water-induced changes in the behavior and gut microbiota of wild-type mice depend on the acidification mode. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82570-0

[45] Yildirimturk, S., Batu, S., Alatli, C., Olgac, V., Firat, D., & Sirin, Y. (2016). The effects of supplemental melatonin administration on the healing of bone defects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 24(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720150570

Abstract

References

How to cite