Association of cardiometabolic risk factors with remnant cholesterol in female law enforcement officers

Kris Gratia Ageng Nanda; Meity Ardiana; Ovin Nada Saputri; Raditya Rizki Muhammad; Nadya Noor Mulya Putri; Mohammed Hamzah Raka Pratama

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2026517

Keywords:

female law enforcement

cardiometabolic risk

remnant cholesterol

lipid indices

Abstract

Compared to men, female law enforcement officers (LEOs) represent a special population who have higher cardiovascular risk factors and significant levels of professional stress. The conventional lipid profile has been utilized extensively in clinical practice over the past few decades as a target for pharmacological treatments and as a foundation for preventing cardiovascular disease in the population. Lately, other unconventional lipids have surfaced as potential substitute indicators of cardiometabolic risk. However, there is currently limited research exploring female LEOs and unconventional lipids as a predictor of cardiovascular risk. A population of female LEOs was subjected to a health screening exam at the East Java Regional Police headquarters between January and June 2024. A total of 381 female LEOs participated. Clinical and laboratory indicators were measured. Remnant cholesterol was used as a landmark to analyze the results of conventional risk factors, lipid profiles, and the values of the combined lipid indices. Due to abnormal parametric variables distribution, the descriptive data were presented as median and interquartile range. The median age of this population was 51 [33–70]. Among participants, 84.3% had high LDL levels, 69.4% were obese and overweight, 52.4% had hypertension, 50.5% had high remnant cholesterol, 32.7% had hypertriglyceridemia, and 20.4% had high blood glucose. There were significant correlations between remnant cholesterol and Castelli Risk Index I (CRI I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI II), triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol, IAP, AI, and TyG. This study identified strong relationships between numerous clinical and laboratory markers, including residual cholesterol. New parameters included in this study should be considered as predictors of cardiovascular risk and diseases.
References
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How to cite

Nanda, K. G. A., Ardiana, M., Saputri, O. N., Muhammad, R. R., Putri, N. N. M., & Pratama, M. H. R. (2026). Association of cardiometabolic risk factors with remnant cholesterol in female law enforcement officers. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(9), 2026517. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026517

[1] Ardiana, M., Harsoyo, P. M., Hermawan, H. O., Sufiyah, I. M., Firmanda, D. R., Desita, S. R., Paramitha, A. D., Hariftyani, A. S., Shabrina, F. A., & Triastuti, F. (2022). Higher cardiovascular risks and Atherogenic Index of Plasma found in police officers of developing country in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 17: 101132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101132

[2] Chen, J., Wu, K., Lin, Y., Huang, M., & Xie, S. (2023). Association of triglyceride glucose index with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 22 (1): 320. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-02054-5

[3] Chen, X., & Li, L. H. (2023). Remnant Cholesterol, a Valuable Biomarker for Assessing Arteriosclerosis and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 15 (8): e44202. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44202

[4] Gendron, P., Lajoie, C., Laurencelle, L., & Trudeau, F. (2019). Cardiovascular health profile among Québec male and female police officers. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 74 (6): 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2018.1472063

[5] Hao, Q. Y., Gao, J. W., Yuan, Z. M., Gao, M., Wang, J. F., Schiele, F., Zhang, S. L., & Liu, P. M. (2022). Remnant Cholesterol and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcium Progression: Insights From the CARDIA and MESA Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 15 (7): e014116. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.122.014116

[6] Hong, S., Han, K., & Park, C. Y. (2020). The triglyceride glucose index is a simple and low-cost marker associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. BMC Medicine, 18 (1): 361. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01824-2

[7] Ibrahim, A. H., Hammad, A. M., Al-Qerem, W., Alaqabani, H., Hall, F. S., & Alasmari, F. (2024). Triglyceride Glucose Index as an Indicator of Cardiovascular Risk in Syrian Refugees. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 17: 1403-1414. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.S455050

[8] Liu, X. C., He, G. D., Lo, K., Huang, Y. Q., & Feng, Y. Q. (2020). The Triglyceride-Glucose Index, an Insulin Resistance Marker, Was Non-linear Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the General Population. Front Cardiovasc Med, 7: 628109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.628109

[9] Ma, C. C., Andrew, M. E., Fekedulegn, D., Gu, J. K., Hartley, T. A., Charles, L. E., Violanti, J. M., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2015). Shift work and occupational stress in police officers. Saf Health Work, 6 (1): 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2014.10.001

[10] Medicine, A. C. o. S. (2013). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott williams & wilkins.

[11] Moon, J. H., Kim, Y., Oh, T. J., Moon, J. H., Kwak, S. H., Park, K. S., Jang, H. C., Choi, S. H., & Cho, N. H. (2023). Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul), 38 (4): 406-417. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1703

[12] Qu, H., Long, L. Z., Chen, L., Wu, H. T., Fu, C. G., & Zhang, S. S. (2022). Triglyceride-glucose index and estimated 10-year risk of a first hard cardiovascular event. Front Cardiovasc Med, 9: 994329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.994329

[13] Quispe, R., Martin, S. S., Michos, E. D., Lamba, I., Blumenthal, R. S., Saeed, A., Lima, J., Puri, R., Nomura, S., Tsai, M., Wilkins, J., Ballantyne, C. M., Nicholls, S., Jones, S. R., & Elshazly, M. B. (2021). Remnant cholesterol predicts cardiovascular disease beyond LDL and ApoB: a primary prevention study. European Heart Journal, 42 (42): 4324-4332. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab432

[14] Raaj, I., Thalamati, M., Gowda, M. N. V., & Rao, A. (2024). The Role of the Atherogenic Index of Plasma and the Castelli Risk Index I and II in Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus, 16 (11): e74644. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.74644

[15] Saffari, M., Sanaeinasab, H., Jafarzadeh, H., Sepandi, M., O'Garo, K. N., Koenig, H. G., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model to Modify Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Police Officers in Iran: A Quasi-experimental Study. J Prev Med Public Health, 53 (4): 275-284. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.095

[16] Varbo, A., Benn, M., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2014). Remnant cholesterol as a cause of ischemic heart disease: evidence, definition, measurement, atherogenicity, high risk patients, and present and future treatment. Pharmacol Ther, 141 (3): 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.008

[17] Yang, Z., Yang, K., Shi, J., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Gao, J., Shi, D., & Qu, H. (2022). The Association Between Remnant Cholesterol and the Estimated 10-Year Risk of a First Hard Cardiovascular Event. Front Cardiovasc Med, 9: 913977. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.913977

[18] Yoo, H., & Franke, W. D. (2011). Stress and cardiovascular disease risk in female law enforcement officers. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 84 (3): 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00420-010-0548-9

[19] Zhang, K., Qi, X., Zhu, F., Dong, Q., Gou, Z., Wang, F., Xiao, L., Li, M., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Sheng, Y., & Kong, X. (2022). Remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Front Cardiovasc Med, 9: 984711. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.984711

Abstract

References

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