Keywords:
Passiflora tripartita
Passiflora ligularis
functional properties
functional groups
protein concentrate
antioxidants

  • Abstract

    The growing demand for sustainable sources rich in protein has sparked interest in researching environmentally friendly protein sources, with seeds being a promising alternative to animal proteins. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and functional properties of protein concentrates from banana, passion fruit and passion fruit seeds. Proximal analysis of the seeds revealed that passion fruit had the highest protein content (21.08%) compared to taxus (10.59%). Protein concentrates were obtained from the seeds by alkaline solubilization at pH 10-12 and precipitation at acidic pH (4-5). Protein quantification was performed using three methods. CPG 12-4 showed the highest protein content according to the Dumas method (65.16%) and 0.69% in Bradford, while CPT 12-5 stood out in BCA with 27.76%. Water retention capacity (WAC) ranged from 1.39 to 242 g water/g sample, oil absorption capacity (AOC) from 1.48 to 2.92 g oil/g sample, and solubility exceeded 100% in CPT at pH 9 and 12. SDS-PAGE revealed high-intensity bands of 29 kDa and 35 kDa. The phenolic compounds content was determined by ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH. It should be noted that the taxo concentrates demonstrated exceptional antioxidant capacity ranging from 7042.44 to 7770.97 µmol ET/g. The FTIR technique revealed specific functional groups as primary amines, amides, and carboxylic acids. The results of this research present the protein concentrates of these seeds as a promising source of vegetable proteins due to their valuable antioxidant compounds and techno-functional properties, contributing to the development of new nutritious and sustainable products.

  • References

    1. Acho, M. A., Osemwegie, O. O., Amonsou, E. O., & Arise, R. O. (2023). Physico-chemical and functional characteristics of neem seed protein isolate. Scientific African, 21, e01774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01774
    2. Alpiger, S. B., Gregersen, S. B., Ellermann, A. M., Dissing, T. J. J., & Corredig, M. (2025). Extraction of Protein-Enriched Fractions from Sunflower and Hemp Seeds: Composition and Colloidal Stability of Less Refined Fractions as a Function of Initial pH. Future Foods, 11, 100541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2025.100541
    3. Andasuryani, A., Zainal, P. W., & Ifmalinda, I. (2020). Chemical characteristic of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora lingularis Juss) seeds from Indonesia based on maturity levels. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1469(1), 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1469/1/012001
    4. Angel-Isaza, J., Carmona-Hernandez, J. C., Narváez-Solarte, W., & Gonzalez-Correa, C. H. (2021). Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Regulate Inflammatory Markers and Weight Gain. Biomolecular Concepts, 12(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2021-0005
    5. AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis (Volume 1) (15.a ed.). (2005). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/aoac.methods.1.1990.pdf
    6. Arise, R. O., Acho, M. A., Yekeen, A. A., Omokanye, I. A., Sunday-Nwaso, E. O., Akiode, O. S., & Malomo, S. O. (2019). Kinetics of angiotensin -1 converting enzyme inhibition and antioxidative properties of Azadirachta indica seed protein hydrolysates. Heliyon, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01747
    7. Baptista, A. T. A., Silva, M. O., Gomes, R. G., Bergamasco, R., Vieira, M. F., & Vieira, A. M. S. (2017). Protein fractionation of seeds of Moringa oleifera lam and its application in superficial water treatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 180, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.040
    8. Bojórquez-Velázquez, E., Zamora-Briseño, J. A., Barrera-Pacheco, A., Espitia-Rangel, E., Herrera-Estrella, A., & Barba de la Rosa, A. P. (2024). Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild and Cultivated Amaranth Species Seeds by 2-DE and ESI-MS/MS. Plants, 13(19), 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192728
    9. Butseekhot, S., Sorndech, W., Ploypetchara, T., Auranwiwat, C., Aluko, R., Sumsakul, W., Siricoon, S., & Chaisuwan, B. (2024). (PDF) Effects of alkaline extraction on the physicochemical and functional properties of protein concentrates obtained from Vigna mungo and Phaseolus vulgaris L. legumes. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(4).207
    10. Cárdenas, M., Carpio, C., Welbaum, J., Vilcacundo, E., & Carrillo, W. (2018). Chia protein concentrate (Salvia hispanica L.) anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(2), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.17225
    11. Compton, S. J., & Jones, C. G. (1985). Mechanism of dye response and interference in the Bradford protein assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 151(2), 369-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(85)90190-3
    12. Deng, Y., Huang, L., Zhang, C., Xie, P., Cheng, J., Wang, X., & Li, S. (2019). Physicochemical and functional properties of Chinese quince seed protein isolate. Food Chemistry, 283, 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.083
    13. Dey, D., Gu, B.-J., Ek, P., Rangira, I., Saunders, S. R., Kiszonas, A. M., & Ganjyal, G. M. (2021). Apple pomace pretreated with hydrochloric acid exhibited better adherence with the corn starch during extrusion expansion. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2, 100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100089
    14. Ezeagu, I. E., Petzke, J. K., Metges, C. C., Akinsoyinu, A. O., & Ologhobo, A. D. (2002). Seed protein contents and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for some uncultivated tropical plant seeds. Food Chemistry, 78(1), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00105-X
    15. Fatima, K., Imran, M., Ahmad, M. H., Khan, M. K., Khalid, W., AL-Farga, A., Alansari, W. S., Shamlan, G., & Eskandrani, A. A. (2023). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Protein from Moringa oleifera Seeds and Its Impact on Techno-Functional Properties. Molecules, 28(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062554
    16. Fischer, G., Quintero, O., Téllez, C., & Melgarejo, L. M. (2020). Curuba: Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima y Passiflora tarminiana (pp. 105-121).
    17. Flaibam, B., da Silva, M. F., de Mélo, A. H. F., Carvalho, P. H., Galland, F., Pacheco, M. T. B., & Goldbeck, R. (2024). Non-animal protein hydrolysates from agro-industrial wastes: A prospect of alternative inputs for cultured meat. Food Chemistry, 443, 138515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138515
    18. Flores-Jiménez, N. T., Ulloa, J. A., & Urías-Silvas, J. E. (2024). Assessment of the physicochemical, functional and structural characteristics of a defatted flour from guamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) seeds. Future Foods, 9, 100351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100351
    19. Gani, A., Ashraf, Z. U., Shah, A., Naik, A. S., Wani, I. A., & Gani, A. (2022). Upscaling of Apple By-Product by Utilising Apple Seed Protein as a Novel Wall Material for Encapsulation of Chlorogenic Acid as Model Bioactive Compound. Foods, 11(22), 3702. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223702
    20. Gani, A., ul Ashraf, Z., Noor, N., & Ahmed Wani, I. (2022). Ultrasonication as an innovative approach to tailor the apple seed proteins into nanosize: Effect on protein structural and functional properties. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 86, 106010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106010
    21. Gao, Z., Shen, P., Lan, Y., Cui, L., Ohm, J.-B., Chen, B., & Rao, J. (2020). Effect of alkaline extraction pH on structure properties, solubility, and beany flavor of yellow pea protein isolate. Food Research International, 131, 109045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109045
    22. González, L., Álvarez, A., Murillo, E., Guerra, C., & Méndez, J. (2019). POTENTIAL USES OF THE PEEL AND SEED OF PASSIFLORA EDULIS SIMS F. EDULIS (GULUPA) FROM ITS CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVE FUNCTIONALITIES. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 104-112. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i10.33828
    23. Gupta, M., Dey, A., Majumder, S., Ghosh, S., & Barui, A. (2022). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity Using by H2O2, DPPH, ABTS Methods and Phytochemical Tests, TPC & TFC of Commonly Used Medicinal Plants of West Bengal. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 72. https://doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2022.v72i01.018
    24. Habib, M., Singh, S., Alok Sagar, N., Ahmad, S., Qureshi, I., Jan, S., Jan, K., & Bashir, K. (2025). Physicochemical and functional characterization of pumpkin seed protein isolate. Sustainable Food Technology. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4FB00268G
    25. Hadinoto, K., Ling, J. K.-U., Pu, S., & Tran, T.-T. (2024). Effects of Alkaline Extraction pH on Amino Acid Compositions, Protein Secondary Structures, Thermal Stability, and Functionalities of Brewer’s Spent Grain Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(12), 6369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126369
    26. Hahn, A., Liszka, J., Maksym, J., Nemś, A., & Miedzianka, J. (2025). Preliminary Data of the Nutritive, Antioxidative, and Functional Properties of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) Flour and Seed Protein Concentrate. Molecules, 30(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010181
    27. Idowu, A. O., Alashi, A. M., Nwachukwu, I. D., Fagbemi, T. N., & Aluko, R. E. (2021). Functional properties of sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn) seed protein fractions. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-020-00047-5
    28. Irankunda, R., Camaño echavarría, J. A., El hajj, S., Paris, C., Cakir-kiefer, C., Girardet, J.-M., Arnoux, P., Muhr, L., & Canabady-rochelle, L. (2025). Pisum Sativum Protein Hydrolysates: Production, Sensitive Screening of Nickel Chelating Peptides and Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties. Food Bioscience, 106001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106001
    29. Kadiri, O., Akanbi, C. T., Olawoye, B. T., & Gbadamosi, S. O. (2017). Characterization and antioxidant evaluation of phenolic compounds extracted from the protein concentrate and protein isolate produced from pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn.) seeds. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(11), 2423-2436. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1230874
    30. Kawakami, S., Morinaga, M., Tsukamoto-Sen, S., Mori, S., Matsui, Y., & Kawama, T. (2021). Constituent Characteristics and Functional Properties of Passion Fruit Seed Extract. Life, 12(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12010038
    31. Khalesi, M., & FitzGerald, R. J. (2021). In Vitro Digestibility and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Protein Isolate and Milk Protein Concentrate Blends. Catalysts, 11(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070787
    32. Kotnala, B., Panneerselvam, V., & Vijayakumar, A. K. (2024). Physicochemical, structural, and functional characterization of guar meal protein isolate (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Heliyon, 10(3), e24925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24925
    33. Kubba, F., & Al-Obaidi, L. (2023). Preparation of protein concentrate from quinoa seeds and study of its chemical composition and functional properties. Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(3), Article 3.
    34. Liu, Y., Ma, X.-Y., Liu, L.-N., Xie, Y.-P., Ke, Y.-J., Cai, Z.-J., & Wu, G.-J. (2018a). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and functional properties of wampee seed protein. Food Science and Technology, 39, 324-331. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.03918
    35. Liu, Y., Ma, X.-Y., Liu, L.-N., Xie, Y.-P., Ke, Y.-J., Cai, Z.-J., & Wu, G.-J. (2018b). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and functional properties of wampee seed protein. Food Science and Technology, 39, 324-331. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.03918
    36. Loizzo, M. R., Lucci, P., Núñez, O., Tundis, R., Balzano, M., Frega, N. G., Conte, L., Moret, S., Filatova, D., Moyano, E., & Pacetti, D. (2019). Native Colombian Fruits and Their by-Products: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Hypoglycaemic Potential. Foods, 8(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030089
    37. Lucas, B. N., DALLA NORA, Boeira, C. P., Verruck, S., & Rosa, C. S. da. (2022). Determination of total phenolic compounds in plant extracts via Folin-Ciocalteu’s method adapted to the usage of digital images. Food Science and Technology, 42, e35122. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.35122
    38. Ma, K. K., Grossmann, L., Nolden, A. A., McClements, D. J., & Kinchla, A. J. (2022). Functional and physical properties of commercial pulse proteins compared to soy derived protein. Future Foods, 6, 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100155
    39. Martins, M. S., Nascimento, M. H., Barbosa, L. L., Campos, L. C. G., Singh, M. N., Martin, F. L., Romão, W., Filgueiras, P. R., & Barauna, V. G. (2022). Detection and quantification using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of whey protein concentrate adulteration with wheat flour. LWT, 172, 114161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114161
    40. Mihai, R. A., Guerra, N. J. L., & Catana, R. D. (2024). Assessment of phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of fermented Andean blackberry beverage enriched with medicinal plants of Ecuador. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52(3), 13423-13423. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha52313423
    41. Mota, J., Casimiro, S., Fernandes, J., Hartmann, R. M., Schemitt, E., Picada, J., Costa, L., Marroni, N., Raymundo, A., Lima, A., & Ferreira, R. B. (2022). Lupin Protein Concentrate as a Novel Functional Food Additive That Can Reduce Colitis-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients, 14(10), 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102102
    42. Nassar-Eddin, G., Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Danchev, N., & Vitanska-Simeonova, R. (2021). Antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting activity of lyophilized extract from Clinopodium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae). Pharmacia, 68, 259-263. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e61911
    43. Nazir, S., & Wani, I. A. (2023). Protein isolate from basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.): Physicochemical and functional characterisation. Food Chemistry Advances, 3, 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100424
    44. Nissen, S. H., Schmidt, J. M., Gregersen, S., Hammershøj, M., Møller, A. H., Danielsen, M., Stødkilde, L., Nebel, C., & Dalsgaard, T. K. (2021). Increased solubility and functional properties of precipitated Alfalfa protein concentrate subjected to pH shift processes. Food Hydrocolloids, 119, 106874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106874
    45. Noyola, B., Méndez-Lagunas, L. L., Rodríguez-Ramírez, J., Sandoval-Torres, S., Aquino-González, L. V., & Barriada-Bernal, L. G. (2022). Techno-functional properties and antioxidant capacity of the concentrate and protein fractions of Leucaena spp. Seeds. Arch. latinoam. nutr, 196-204.
    46. Oroumei, S., Rezaei, K., & Chodar Moghadas, H. (2024). Pomegranate seed as a novel source of plant protein: Optimization of protein extraction and evaluation of in vitro digestibility, functional, and thermal properties. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4242
    47. Ozgolet, M., Cakmak, Z. H. T., Bozkurt, F., Sagdic, O., & Karasu, S. (2024). Optimization of extraction parameters of protein isolate from milk thistle seed: Physicochemical and functional characteristics. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(5), 3346-3359. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4001
    48. Pazmiño, A., Vasquez, G., & Carrillo, W. (2018). PIGEON PEA PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (CAJANUS CAJAN) SEEDS GROWN IN ECUADOR FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 430-435. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.24966
    49. Pereira, M. G., Hamerski, F., Andrade, E. F., Scheer, A. de P., & Corazza, M. L. (2017). Assessment of subcritical propane, ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet extraction of oil from sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata Curtis) seeds. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 128, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.021
    50. Perera, S. P., McIntosh, T., Coutu, C., Tyler, R. T., Hegedus, D. D., & Wanasundara, J. P. D. (2022). Profiling and characterization of (L.) Crantz meal proteins. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 99(10), 873-889. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12634
    51. Pérez-Marroquín, X. A., Estrada-Fernández, A. G., García-Ceja, A., Aguirre-Álvarez, G., & León-López, A. (2023). Agro-Food Waste as an Ingredient in Functional Beverage Processing: Sources, Functionality, Market and Regulation. Foods, 12(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081583
    52. Piñuel, L., Vilcacundo, E., Boeri, P., Barrio, D. A., Morales, D., Pinto, A., Moran, R., Samaniego, I., & Carrillo, W. (2019). Extraction of protein concentrate from red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 9,(9), 045-058. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2019.90804
    53. Quinteros, M. F., Martínez, J., Barrionuevo, A., Rojas, M., & Carrillo, W. (2022). Functional, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cricket Protein Concentrate (Gryllus assimilis). Biology, 11(5), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050776
    54. Rekowski, A., Langenkämper, G., Dier, M., Wimmer, M. A., Scherf, K. A., & Zörb, C. (2021). Determination of soluble wheat protein fractions using the Bradford assay. Cereal Chemistry, 98(5), 1059-1065. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10447
    55. Romaní, D. R., Calixto-Cotos, M. R., & Apaza, F. S. (2021). Aprovechamiento de los residuos del fruto de Passiflora tripartita. Scientia Agropecuaria, 12(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.049
    56. Ruckmangathan, S., Ganapathyswamy, H., Sundararajan, A., Thiyagamoorthy, U., Green, R., & Subramani, T. (2022). Physico-chemical, structural, and functional properties of protein concentrate from selected pulses: A comparative study. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(12), e17169. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.17169
    57. Sari, Y. W., Mulder, W. J., Sanders, J. P. M., & Bruins, M. E. (2015). Towards plant protein refinery: Review on protein extraction using alkali and potential enzymatic assistance. Biotechnology Journal, 10(8), 1138-1157. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400569
    58. Saucedo, M. del R. P., Ulloa, J. A., Ulloa, P. R., Ramírez, J. C. R., & Silva-Carrillo, Y. (2021). Caracterización tecno-funcional de un concentrado proteínico obtenido de la semilla de mango (Mangifera indica L.). Biotecnia, 23(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i1.1306
    59. Sharma, L., Singh, C., & Sharma, H. K. (2016). Assessment of functionality of sesame meal and sesame protein isolate from Indian cultivar. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 10(3), 520-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-016-9330-3
    60. Shen, C.-H. (2023). Chapter 9—Quantification and analysis of proteins. En C.-H. Shen (Ed.), Diagnostic Molecular Biology (Second Edition) (pp. 231-257). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91788-9.00002-8
    61. Subbiah, V., Zhong, B., Nawaz, M. A., Barrow, C. J., Dunshea, F. R., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2021). Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Australian Grown Berries by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Determination of Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants, 10(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010026
    62. Tas, O., Sumnu, S. G., & Oztop, M. H. (2025). Effect of Extraction Methods and Preheat Treatments on the Functional Properties of Pumpkin Seed Protein Concentrate. ACS Food Science & Technology, 5(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00601
    63. Torres-Sánchez, E., Hernández-Ledesma, B., & Gutiérrez, L.-F. (2023). Isolation and Characterization of Protein Fractions for Valorization of Sacha Inchi Oil Press-Cake. Foods, 12(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122401
    64. Vardanega, R., Fuentes, F. S., Palma, J., Bugueño-Muñoz, W., Cerezal-Mezquita, P., & Ruiz-Domínguez, M. C. (2023). Valorization of granadilla waste (Passiflora ligularis, Juss.) by sequential green extraction processes based on pressurized fluids to obtain bioactive compounds. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 194, 105833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105833
    65. Vilcacundo, E., García, A., Vilcacundo, M., Morán, R., Samaniego, I., & Carrillo, W. (2020). Antioxidant Purple Corn Protein Concentrate from Germinated Andean Purple Corn Seeds. Agronomy, 10(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091282
    66. Vilcacundo, E., Montalvo, V., Sanaguano, H., Moran, R., Carrillo, W., & García, A. (2022). Identification of Phytochemical Compounds, Functional Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Germinated Purple Corn Protein Concentrate and Its Gastrointestinal Hydrolysates. Agronomy, 12(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092217
    67. Villacís-Chiriboga, J., Prandi, B., Ruales, J., Van Camp, J., Sforza, S., & Elst, K. (2023). Valorization of soursop (Annona muricata) seeds as alternative oil and protein source using novel de-oiling and protein extraction techniques. LWT, 182, 114777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114777
    68. Wang, X., He, X., & Wang, X. (2023). FTIR Analysis of the Functional Group Composition of Coal Tar Residue Extracts and Extractive Residues. Applied Sciences, 13(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085162
    69. Yang, K., Xu, T.-R., Fu, Y.-H., Cai, M., Xia, Q.-L., Guan, R.-F., Zou, X.-G., & Sun, P.-L. (2021). Effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment on physicochemical properties of proteins extracted from cold-pressed sesame cake. Food Research International, 139, 109907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109907
    70. Zaky, A. A., Chen, Z., Qin, M., Wang, M., & Jia, Y. (2020). Assessment of antioxidant activity, amino acids, phenolic acids and functional attributes in defatted rice bran and rice bran protein concentrate. Progress in Nutrition, 22(4), e2020069-e2020069. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i4.8971
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2025 The Authors

How to cite

Vàsconez-Barragàn, K. L., Bayas-Morejòn, I. F., & Morales-Padilla, M. M. (2026). Evaluation of antioxidant activity and functional properties of protein concentrates from taxo (<em>Passiflora tripartita</em>) and granadilla (<em>Passiflora ligularis</em>) seeds. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8, 2026615. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026615
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
  • Article viewed - 321
  • PDF downloaded - 125