Factors associated with the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in schoolchildren aged 6 to 13 years in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Ahmed Kaboré; André Kabore; Akossito Hermine Tognon; Hema Tiemoko Thierry Souahamai

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2024057

Keywords:

Abstract

The variability of prevalence rates of attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) in the literature raises questions about its etiology and the factors predisposing to its manifestation. The causes are multidimensional, but the current scientific consensus focuses on genetic predisposition and gene-environment interactions. A previous study estimated its prevalence at 13.74%. In this study, the objective was to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of ADHD in schoolchildren in the city of Ouagadougou. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, between March and August 2021. The identification of factors associated with ADHD was carried out by employing logistic regression modeling. The significance level was set at 5%. The results of this research allowed us to quantify the association between gender and age in relation to the development of ADHD. The univariate and multivariate statistical analysis allowed us to establish a causal relationship between hereditary and environmental factors and the development of ADHD. ADHD symptoms are as common among school children in Ouagadougou. The use of insecticide, gasoline odor exposure, and poor long treatment were described as risk factors for ADHD. This is an exploratory study that will add to the limited body of knowledge in the scientific literature with respect to child development.
References
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2. APA (2013) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 128 p.
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4. Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M (2019) Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Genetics 51:63‑75. DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7
5. Duh-leong C, Fuller A, Marron NM (2020) Associations entre les facteurs de protection familiaux et communautaires et les résultats du trouble déficitaire de l ’ attention / hyperactivité chez les enfants américains. J Dev Behav Pédiatre 41:1‑8. DOI: 10.1097/DBP.00000000000000720.Associations
6. Franz A P, Bolat G U, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos I S, Silveira RC, Procianoy R S, Rohde L A, & Moreira-Maia C R (2018) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm/very low birth weight: A meta-analysis. In Pediatrics. 141(1): e20171645). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1645
7. Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Epstein JN, Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Kahn RS (2007) Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:857‑64.
8. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Godfrey KM, Law CM, Schlotz W, Callaghan FJO (2008) Oily fish intake during pregnancy – is association with lower hyperactivity but not with higher full-scale IQ in offspring. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10:1061‑1068. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01908.x
9. Guxens M (2018) Air Pollution Exposure During Fetal Life, Brain Morphology, and Cognitive Function in School-Age Children. Biological Psychiatry 84 :295‑303. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.016
10. Ha S, Yeung E, Bell E, Insaf T, Ghassabian A, Bell G, Muscatiello N, Mendola P (2020) Original Investigation Prenatal and Early Life Exposures to Ambient Air Pollution and Development Sandie. Environ Res 174:170‑175. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.064.Original
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20. Rodriguez A, Bohlin G (2005) Are maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy related to ADHD symptoms in children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3:246‑254. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00359.x
21. Rutter M, Cox A, Tupling C, Berger Mi, & Yule W (1975) Attainment and Adjustment in Two Geographical of Psychiatric Disorder. British journal of Psychiatry 126:493‑509.
22. Shih P, Huang CC, Pan SC, Chiang, TL, Guo YL (2020) Hyperactivity disorder in children related to traffic-based air pollution during pregnancy. Environmental Research 109588. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109588
23. Simard P (2014) Activité physique (ap) et trouble déficitaire de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDAH). L’impact de l’activité physique avec ou sans médication sur le TDAH.
24. Smith AK, Mick E, Faraone SV (2009) Advances in genetic studies of Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports 11:143‑148.
25. Thapar A (2003) Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Offspring. Am J Psychiatry 12:1985‑1989.
26. Vaurio L, Riley E P, Mattson SN (2008) Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14:119‑129. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617708080144.Differences
27. Wasserman RC, Kelleher KJ, Bocian A, Baker A, Childs GE, Indacochea F (1999) Identification of Attentional and Hyperactivity Problems in Primary Care: A Report from Pediatric Research in Office Settings and the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network. Pediatrics 103:1‑7
28. Yao S, Kuja-halkola R, Martin J, Lu Y, Lichtenstein P, Norring C (2019) Associations Between Attention-De fi cit / Hyperactivity Disorder and Various Eating Disorders: A Swedish Nationwide Population Study Using Multiple Genetically Informative Approaches. Biol Psychiatry 86:577‑86.
29. Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C, Guo X (2013) Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index in Relation to Infant Birth Weight and Offspring Overweight / Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 8:1627‑38.

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How to cite

Kaboré, A., Kabore, A., Tognon, A. H., & Souahamai, H. T. T. (2023). Factors associated with the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in schoolchildren aged 6 to 13 years in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(4), 2024057. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024057

[1] Amor L, Ben Grizenko N, Schwartz G, Lageix P, Baron C, Ter-stepanian M, Zappitelli M, Mbekou V, Joober R (2005) Perinatal complications in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. Rev Psychiatr Neurosci 30:120‑126.

[2] APA (2013) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 128 p.

[3] Banerjee T, Das Middleton F, Faraone SV (2007) Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Pædiatrica 1269‑1274. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00430.x

[4] Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M (2019) Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Genetics 51:63‑75. DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7

[5] Duh-leong C, Fuller A, Marron NM (2020) Associations entre les facteurs de protection familiaux et communautaires et les résultats du trouble déficitaire de l ’ attention / hyperactivité chez les enfants américains. J Dev Behav Pédiatre 41:1‑8. DOI: 10.1097/DBP.00000000000000720.Associations

[6] Franz A P, Bolat G U, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos I S, Silveira RC, Procianoy R S, Rohde L A, & Moreira-Maia C R (2018) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm/very low birth weight: A meta-analysis. In Pediatrics. 141(1): e20171645). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1645

[7] Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Epstein JN, Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Kahn RS (2007) Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:857‑64.

[8] Gale CR, Robinson SM, Godfrey KM, Law CM, Schlotz W, Callaghan FJO (2008) Oily fish intake during pregnancy – is association with lower hyperactivity but not with higher full-scale IQ in offspring. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10:1061‑1068. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01908.x

[9] Guxens M (2018) Air Pollution Exposure During Fetal Life, Brain Morphology, and Cognitive Function in School-Age Children. Biological Psychiatry 84 :295‑303. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.016

[10] Ha S, Yeung E, Bell E, Insaf T, Ghassabian A, Bell G, Muscatiello N, Mendola P (2020) Original Investigation Prenatal and Early Life Exposures to Ambient Air Pollution and Development Sandie. Environ Res 174:170‑175. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.064.Original

[11] Habib M (2011) Le cerveau de l’hyperactif: entre cognition et comportement. Développements 9:26. DOI: 10.3917/devel.009.0026

[12] Huizink AC, Mulder EJH (2006) Maternal smoking, drinking, or cannabis use during pregnancy and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:24‑41.

[13] Kim JH, Kim JY, Lee J, Jeong GH, Lee E, Lee S (2020) Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet] 7:955‑70. Disponible sur : DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30312-6

[14] Kroemer N B, Veldhuizen MG, Delvy R (2018) Sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(10), 1089‑1102. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.102

[15] Linares TJ, Singer LT, Kirchner HL, Elizabeth J, Min MO, Hussey P (2006) Mental health outcomes of cocaine-exposed children at 6 years of age. J Pediatr Psychol 31:85‑97.

[16] Maher GM, Keeffe GWO, Kearney PM, Kenny LC, Dinan TG, Mattsson M (2018) Association of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy with Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Offspring A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 75:809‑19.

[17] Nilsen FM, Tulve NS (2020) A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the interrelationships between chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics in children with ADHD. Env Res 180:108884.

[18] Park J, Hoon J, Joon S, Yeon H, Hwang I, Hong Y, Kim K (2020) Association between short-term air pollution exposure and attention- de fi cit/hyperactivity disorder-related hospital admissions among adolescents: A nationwide time-series study. Environmental Pollution 266 :115369. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115369

[19] Polanczyk G, Lima MS de, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (2007) The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis. Am J Psychiatry 164:942‑8.

[20] Rodriguez A, Bohlin G (2005) Are maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy related to ADHD symptoms in children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3:246‑254. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00359.x

[21] Rutter M, Cox A, Tupling C, Berger Mi, & Yule W (1975) Attainment and Adjustment in Two Geographical of Psychiatric Disorder. British journal of Psychiatry 126:493‑509.

[22] Shih P, Huang CC, Pan SC, Chiang, TL, Guo YL (2020) Hyperactivity disorder in children related to traffic-based air pollution during pregnancy. Environmental Research 109588. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109588

[23] Simard P (2014) Activité physique (ap) et trouble déficitaire de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDAH). L’impact de l’activité physique avec ou sans médication sur le TDAH.

[24] Smith AK, Mick E, Faraone SV (2009) Advances in genetic studies of Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports 11:143‑148.

[25] Thapar A (2003) Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Offspring. Am J Psychiatry 12:1985‑1989.

[26] Vaurio L, Riley E P, Mattson SN (2008) Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14:119‑129. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617708080144.Differences

[27] Wasserman RC, Kelleher KJ, Bocian A, Baker A, Childs GE, Indacochea F (1999) Identification of Attentional and Hyperactivity Problems in Primary Care: A Report from Pediatric Research in Office Settings and the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network. Pediatrics 103:1‑7

[28] Yao S, Kuja-halkola R, Martin J, Lu Y, Lichtenstein P, Norring C (2019) Associations Between Attention-De fi cit / Hyperactivity Disorder and Various Eating Disorders: A Swedish Nationwide Population Study Using Multiple Genetically Informative Approaches. Biol Psychiatry 86:577‑86.

[29] Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C, Guo X (2013) Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index in Relation to Infant Birth Weight and Offspring Overweight / Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 8:1627‑38.

Abstract

References

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