Impact of gender equality on implementation of land use rights through land access of ethnic minorities in central Vietnam

Pham Thi Hang; Nguyen Thi Hai; Nguyen Huu Ngu

doi:10.31893/multiscience.2024036

Keywords:

Abstract

The study was conducted to test the impact of gender equality on implementing land use rights through land access of ethnic minorities. Preliminary scale evaluation using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and EFA exploratory factor analysis with 100 survey samples was performed using SPSS 26.0 software. The official quantitative research model was tested by the partial minimum average method (PLS) in SmartPLS3 software with 349 survey samples from 3 ethnic minority groups, including Cham, Bana, and Hre, in Binh Dinh province, a province in the center of Vietnam. Research results show that all three ethnic groups, Cham, Bana, and Hre, who participated in the survey, said that women currently face many disadvantages in accessing land and exercising land use rights compared to men. The research results confirm a solid positive indirect and positive relationship between gender equality and the exercise of land use rights through the intermediate variable of land access. The research results contribute some theoretical implications in developing land policies to achieve equality in land access, improve land access and realize land use rights for ethnic minorities women.
References
1. Agarwal B (1997) "Bargaining" and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist economics 3:1-51. DOI: 10.1080/135457097338799
2. Ali DA, Deininger K, Goldstein M (2014) Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics 110:262-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.12.009
3. Anaafo D (2015) Land reforms and land rights change: A case study of land stressed groups in the Nkoranza South Municipality, Ghana. Land Use Policy 42:538-546. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.09.011
4. Ayala-Cantu L, Morando B (2020) Rental markets, gender, and land certificates: Evidence from Vietnam. Food Policy 94, 101842. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101842
5. Badiani R, Baulch B, Brandt L, Dat VH, Giang NT, Gibson J, Giles J, Hinsdale I, Hung P, Kozel V (2013) 2012 Vietnam poverty assessment: Well begun, not yet done-Vietnam's remarkable progress on poverty reduction and the emerging challenges.
6. Benjaminsen T, Lund Christian (2012) Securing land rights in Africa. Routledge.
7. Binh Dinh Province People's Committee (2023) Ethnic composition. Available in: https://bdt.binhdinh.gov.vn/content.php?id=99. Accessed on: April 12 2023.
8. Binh Dinh Provincial Party Committee (2022) Twinning with ethnic minority villages: Effective, practical. Available in: https://binhdinh.dcs.vn/cac-co-quan-tham-muu-tinh-uy/-/view-content/147061/ket-nghia-voi-cac-lang-dong-bao-dan-toc-thieu-so-hieu-qua-thiet-thuc Accessed on: February 2 2023.
9. Binswanger HP, Deininger K (1997) Explaining agricultural and agrarian policies in developing countries. Journal of economic literature 35(4):1958-2005.
10. Bolton RN (1993) Pretesting questionnaires: content analyses of respondents' concurrent verbal protocols. Marketing science 12:280-303. DOI: 10.1287/mksc.12.3.280
11. Cam H, Sang TL, Cham PTN, Lan PTN, Nhung TTT, Long T V (2013) The women’s access to land in contemporary Vietnam, UN Development Programme.
12. Cohen J (1992) Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychol. Bull 112:1155-1159.
13. Committee for Ethnic Minority (2019) Survey results collect information on the socioeconomic status of 53 ethnic minorities. Statistical Publisher.
14. Dagdeviren H, Oosterbaan L (2022) Gender differences in effective use of land rights in South India. Land Use Policy 119:106212. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106212
15. De Janvry A, Sadoulet E, Wolford W (2001) Access to land and land policy reforms (Vol. 3). UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research Helsinki.
16. Deininger K, Ali DA, Alemu T (2011) Impacts of land certification on tenure security, investment, and land market participation: evidence from Ethiopia. Land Economics 87:312-334. DOI: 10.3368/le.87.2.312
17. Dijkstra TK, Henseler J (2015) Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS quarterly 39:297-316.
18. Doss C, Kovarik C, Peterman A, Quisumbing A, Van Den Bold M (2015) Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: Myth and reality. Agricultural Economics 46:403-434. DOI: 10.1111/agec.12171
19. F Hair Jr, J Sarstedt, M Hopkins L, G Kuppelwieser V (2014) Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) An emerging tool in business research. European business review 26:106-121.
20. Feyertag J, Childress M, Langdown I, Locke A, Nizalov D (2021) How does gender affect the perceived security of land and property rights? Evidence from 33 countries. Land Use Policy 104:2-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105299
21. Hair Jr, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2021) A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
22. Hair Jr, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Gudergan SP (2017) Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage publications.
23. Henseler J, Hubona G, Ray P A (2016) Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial management & data systems.
24. Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2015) A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science 43:115-135. DOI: 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
25. Hulland JS (1999) The effects of country-of-brand and brand name on product evaluation and consideration: A cross-country comparison. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 11(1):23-40. DOI: 10.1300/J046v11n01_03
26. Huong TTD (2017) Developing human resources in Vietnamese nonpublic universities and colleges today. PhD Thesis, Institute of Development Strategy, Ministry of Planning and Investment 6-7.
27. Ikdahl I, Hellum A, Kaarhhus R, Benjaminsen TA, Kameri-Mbote P (2005) Human rights, formalization and women's land rights in southern and eastern Africa. University of Nairobi.
28. Kevane M, Gray L C (1999) A woman's field is made at night: Gendered land rights and norms in Burkina Faso. Feminist economics 5:1-26.
29. Khoi DD, Canh QT, Vu KB, Luu DL, Binh HP, Huyen TN (2021) Handbook of grassroots reconciliation in the field of land, land policy for ethnic minorities. Document developed by the Project on Enhancing Land Access for Ethnic Minorities. Youth Publisher.
30. Komatsu H, Ambel AA, Koolwal G, Yonis MB (2022) Gender norms, landholdership, and rural land use fee and agricultural income tax in Ethiopia. Land Use Policy 121:1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106305
31. Lambrecht I, Asare S (2016) The complexity of local tenure systems: A smallholders’ perspective on tenure in Ghana. Land Use Policy 58:251-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.07.029
32. Lambrecht IB (2016) Gendered access to land in Ghana. World development 88:188-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.07.018
33. Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology.
34. Martin S (2004) The changing face of public service inspection. Public Money & Management 24:3-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9302.2004.00384.x
35. Mearns R (1999) Access to land in rural India: policy issues and options (2123). World Bank Publications.
36. Meinzen-Dick R, Quisumbing A, Doss C, Theis S (2019) Women's land rights as a pathway to poverty reduction: Framework and review of available evidence. Agricultural systems 172:72-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.009
37. Missingham R (2009) Switch on the Data: Changes Needed for Access to Public-Sector Information. Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 16:55-61.
38. Muraoka R, Jin S, Jayne TS (2018) Land access, land rental and food security: Evidence from Kenya. Land Use Policy 70:611-622. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.045
39. Nara B B, Lengoiboni M & Zevenbergen J (2021) Assessing customary land rights and tenure security variations of smallholder farmers in northwest Ghana. Land Use Policy 104:1-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105352
40. Nunnally J & Bernstein J (1994) Psychometric Theory, 3rd EditionMcGraw-Hill. New York, NY.
41. Oxfam G (2007) Gender-based violence. Oxfam.
42. Phu DN (2021) Women's right to land in Vietnam today. Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences 9:40-48.
43. Rensel AD, Abbas JM, Rao HR (2006) Private transactions in public places: an exploration of the impact of the computer environment on public transactional web site use. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 7:19-51.
44. Salcedo-La Viña C (2020) Beyond title: How to secure land tenure for women. Available in: https://www.wri.org/insights/beyond-title-how-secure-land-tenure-women. Accessed on: March 3 2023.
45. Sewornu RE (2010) The Role of good governance in improving women’s access right to land. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 1:37-53.
46. Tho DN (2013) Textbook of scientific research methods in Business, financial publisher.
47. Tuan AN, Chinh DH, Anh NL, Thinh AN (2022) Drivers of land use efficiency among ethnic minority groups in Vietnam: a longitudinal study. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/13547860.2022.2044658
48. UN-GGIM (2019) Framework for Effective Land Administration: A reference for developing, reforming, renewing, strengthening or modernizing land administration and management systems.
49. Unger EM, Lemmen C, Bennett R (2023) Women’s access to land and the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): Requirements, modeling and assessment. Land Use Policy 126:106538. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106538
50. Van Leeuwen M (2017) Localizing land governance, strengthening the state: Decentralization and land tenure security in Uganda. Journal of Agrarian Change 17:208-227. DOI: 10.1111/joac.12143
51. Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee of Binh Dinh province (2021) Monitoring report on shortage of residential and productive land of ethnic minorities in Binh Dinh province.
52. Whitehead A, Tsikata D (2003) Policy discourses on women's land rights in Sub–Saharan Africa: The implications of the re–turn to the Customary. Journal of Agrarian Change 3:67-112. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0366.00051

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Thi Hang, P., Thi Hai, N., & Ngu, N. H. (2023). Impact of gender equality on implementation of land use rights through land access of ethnic minorities in central Vietnam. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(4), 2024036. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024036

[1] Agarwal B (1997) "Bargaining" and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist economics 3:1-51. DOI: 10.1080/135457097338799

[2] Ali DA, Deininger K, Goldstein M (2014) Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics 110:262-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.12.009

[3] Anaafo D (2015) Land reforms and land rights change: A case study of land stressed groups in the Nkoranza South Municipality, Ghana. Land Use Policy 42:538-546. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.09.011

[4] Ayala-Cantu L, Morando B (2020) Rental markets, gender, and land certificates: Evidence from Vietnam. Food Policy 94, 101842. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101842

[5] Badiani R, Baulch B, Brandt L, Dat VH, Giang NT, Gibson J, Giles J, Hinsdale I, Hung P, Kozel V (2013) 2012 Vietnam poverty assessment: Well begun, not yet done-Vietnam's remarkable progress on poverty reduction and the emerging challenges.

[6] Benjaminsen T, Lund Christian (2012) Securing land rights in Africa. Routledge.

[7] Binh Dinh Province People's Committee (2023) Ethnic composition. Available in: https://bdt.binhdinh.gov.vn/content.php?id=99. Accessed on: April 12 2023.

[8] Binh Dinh Provincial Party Committee (2022) Twinning with ethnic minority villages: Effective, practical. Available in: https://binhdinh.dcs.vn/cac-co-quan-tham-muu-tinh-uy/-/view-content/147061/ket-nghia-voi-cac-lang-dong-bao-dan-toc-thieu-so-hieu-qua-thiet-thuc Accessed on: February 2 2023.

[9] Binswanger HP, Deininger K (1997) Explaining agricultural and agrarian policies in developing countries. Journal of economic literature 35(4):1958-2005.

[10] Bolton RN (1993) Pretesting questionnaires: content analyses of respondents' concurrent verbal protocols. Marketing science 12:280-303. DOI: 10.1287/mksc.12.3.280

[11] Cam H, Sang TL, Cham PTN, Lan PTN, Nhung TTT, Long T V (2013) The women’s access to land in contemporary Vietnam, UN Development Programme.

[12] Cohen J (1992) Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychol. Bull 112:1155-1159.

[13] Committee for Ethnic Minority (2019) Survey results collect information on the socioeconomic status of 53 ethnic minorities. Statistical Publisher.

[14] Dagdeviren H, Oosterbaan L (2022) Gender differences in effective use of land rights in South India. Land Use Policy 119:106212. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106212

[15] De Janvry A, Sadoulet E, Wolford W (2001) Access to land and land policy reforms (Vol. 3). UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research Helsinki.

[16] Deininger K, Ali DA, Alemu T (2011) Impacts of land certification on tenure security, investment, and land market participation: evidence from Ethiopia. Land Economics 87:312-334. DOI: 10.3368/le.87.2.312

[17] Dijkstra TK, Henseler J (2015) Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS quarterly 39:297-316.

[18] Doss C, Kovarik C, Peterman A, Quisumbing A, Van Den Bold M (2015) Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: Myth and reality. Agricultural Economics 46:403-434. DOI: 10.1111/agec.12171

[19] F Hair Jr, J Sarstedt, M Hopkins L, G Kuppelwieser V (2014) Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) An emerging tool in business research. European business review 26:106-121.

[20] Feyertag J, Childress M, Langdown I, Locke A, Nizalov D (2021) How does gender affect the perceived security of land and property rights? Evidence from 33 countries. Land Use Policy 104:2-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105299

[21] Hair Jr, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2021) A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.

[22] Hair Jr, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Gudergan SP (2017) Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage publications.

[23] Henseler J, Hubona G, Ray P A (2016) Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial management & data systems.

[24] Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2015) A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science 43:115-135. DOI: 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

[25] Hulland JS (1999) The effects of country-of-brand and brand name on product evaluation and consideration: A cross-country comparison. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 11(1):23-40. DOI: 10.1300/J046v11n01_03

[26] Huong TTD (2017) Developing human resources in Vietnamese nonpublic universities and colleges today. PhD Thesis, Institute of Development Strategy, Ministry of Planning and Investment 6-7.

[27] Ikdahl I, Hellum A, Kaarhhus R, Benjaminsen TA, Kameri-Mbote P (2005) Human rights, formalization and women's land rights in southern and eastern Africa. University of Nairobi.

[28] Kevane M, Gray L C (1999) A woman's field is made at night: Gendered land rights and norms in Burkina Faso. Feminist economics 5:1-26.

[29] Khoi DD, Canh QT, Vu KB, Luu DL, Binh HP, Huyen TN (2021) Handbook of grassroots reconciliation in the field of land, land policy for ethnic minorities. Document developed by the Project on Enhancing Land Access for Ethnic Minorities. Youth Publisher.

[30] Komatsu H, Ambel AA, Koolwal G, Yonis MB (2022) Gender norms, landholdership, and rural land use fee and agricultural income tax in Ethiopia. Land Use Policy 121:1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106305

[31] Lambrecht I, Asare S (2016) The complexity of local tenure systems: A smallholders’ perspective on tenure in Ghana. Land Use Policy 58:251-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.07.029

[32] Lambrecht IB (2016) Gendered access to land in Ghana. World development 88:188-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.07.018

[33] Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology.

[34] Martin S (2004) The changing face of public service inspection. Public Money & Management 24:3-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9302.2004.00384.x

[35] Mearns R (1999) Access to land in rural India: policy issues and options (2123). World Bank Publications.

[36] Meinzen-Dick R, Quisumbing A, Doss C, Theis S (2019) Women's land rights as a pathway to poverty reduction: Framework and review of available evidence. Agricultural systems 172:72-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.009

[37] Missingham R (2009) Switch on the Data: Changes Needed for Access to Public-Sector Information. Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 16:55-61.

[38] Muraoka R, Jin S, Jayne TS (2018) Land access, land rental and food security: Evidence from Kenya. Land Use Policy 70:611-622. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.045

[39] Nara B B, Lengoiboni M & Zevenbergen J (2021) Assessing customary land rights and tenure security variations of smallholder farmers in northwest Ghana. Land Use Policy 104:1-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105352

[40] Nunnally J & Bernstein J (1994) Psychometric Theory, 3rd EditionMcGraw-Hill. New York, NY.

[41] Oxfam G (2007) Gender-based violence. Oxfam.

[42] Phu DN (2021) Women's right to land in Vietnam today. Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences 9:40-48.

[43] Rensel AD, Abbas JM, Rao HR (2006) Private transactions in public places: an exploration of the impact of the computer environment on public transactional web site use. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 7:19-51.

[44] Salcedo-La Viña C (2020) Beyond title: How to secure land tenure for women. Available in: https://www.wri.org/insights/beyond-title-how-secure-land-tenure-women. Accessed on: March 3 2023.

[45] Sewornu RE (2010) The Role of good governance in improving women’s access right to land. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 1:37-53.

[46] Tho DN (2013) Textbook of scientific research methods in Business, financial publisher.

[47] Tuan AN, Chinh DH, Anh NL, Thinh AN (2022) Drivers of land use efficiency among ethnic minority groups in Vietnam: a longitudinal study. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/13547860.2022.2044658

[48] UN-GGIM (2019) Framework for Effective Land Administration: A reference for developing, reforming, renewing, strengthening or modernizing land administration and management systems.

[49] Unger EM, Lemmen C, Bennett R (2023) Women’s access to land and the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): Requirements, modeling and assessment. Land Use Policy 126:106538. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106538

[50] Van Leeuwen M (2017) Localizing land governance, strengthening the state: Decentralization and land tenure security in Uganda. Journal of Agrarian Change 17:208-227. DOI: 10.1111/joac.12143

[51] Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee of Binh Dinh province (2021) Monitoring report on shortage of residential and productive land of ethnic minorities in Binh Dinh province.

[52] Whitehead A, Tsikata D (2003) Policy discourses on women's land rights in Sub–Saharan Africa: The implications of the re–turn to the Customary. Journal of Agrarian Change 3:67-112. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0366.00051

Abstract

References

How to cite