Deconstructing modernism discourse in Indonesian history textbooks during the military regime (1975–1998)

Hieronymus Purwanta; Musa Pelu; Bramastia

doi:10.31893/multirev.2023008

Keywords:

deconstruction of modernism

ethical politics

high school history textbooks

modern professional historian

national identity

Abstract

This study aimed to criticize modernism discourse in Indonesian high school history textbooks. It focused on (1) The history textbooks’ modernism discourse as a national identity and (2) The weaknesses of modernism as a national identity. A total of six history textbooks from 1975 to the 1994 curriculum were examined using the Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) developed by Martin Reisigl. DHA combines theory, method, and methodology with empirical data-based study practice. The analysis used arguments as speech acts in statements to support the truth claims validity. The results showed that history textbooks discourse that the Dutch colonial government left economic exploitation and began cultural association to help Indonesia become a modern nation. However, the narrative lacks supportive arguments and empirical shreds of evidence. The modernism discourse is accurately described as an orientalist works, supporting that the Indonesian culture is static and developed with Western influence.
References
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2. Akbar W (2018) BIN Ungkap 39 Persen Mahasiswa Terpapar Radikalisme [The State Intelligence Agency Reveals 39 % of Students were influenced by Radicalism], News. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180429023027-20-294442/bin-ungkap-39-persen-mahasiswa-terpapar-radikalisme
3. Akob B, Jamil TM, Husaini I, Purwanta H (2021) Inter-Ethnics Relationship Speech in Indonesian High School History. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana 26:61-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4556167
4. Alganih I (2016) Konflik Poso: Kajian Historis Tahun 1998-2001. Jurnal Criksetra 5:166-174.
5. Alwino A (2018) Memahami Konsep Kepentingan Diri Menurut Agustinus dan Hobbes. Melintas 34:233-247. doi: 10.26593/mel.v34i3.3458.233-247
6. Ariwibowo T (2021) Konflik Poso dalam Perspektif Peperangan Asimetris. Syctax Literate 6:2015-2029. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i4.2478
7. Arkanudin A (2006) Menelusuri Akar Konflik Antar etnik di Kalimantan Barat. Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi 7:185-194. doi: 10.29313/mediator.v7i2.1276
8. Badrika IW (1997) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum untuk SMA [National history of Indonesia and the World for High School] (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Erlangga.
9. Barbosa D (1921) The Book of Duarte Barbosa (Mansel Longworth Dames, Trans. Vol. II). London: The Hakluyt Society.
10. Berray M (2019) A Critical Literary Review of the Melting Pot and Salad Bowl Assimilation and Integration Theories. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6:142-151. doi: 10.29333/ejecs/217
11. Bhakti IN (2001) Militer Politik Kekerasan Orde Baru: Soeharto Di Belakang Peristiwa 27 Juli [Political Military Violence of the New order: Suharto Behind the 27 July Incident]. Bandung: Mizan.
12. Birch AH (1989) Nationalism and national integration.
13. Borgesius LZ (2015) Een zedelijke roeping: Koloniaal ontwikkelingsdenken door liberalen en antirevolutionairen, 1848-1901. (Bachelor in History Undergraduate Thesis), Retrieved from https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/378
14. Coedès G (1975) The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (Susan Brown Cowing, Trans. Walter F. Vella Ed. Second ed.). Canberra: Australian National University Press.
15. Coppel CA (2006) Violence: Analysis, representation and resolution. In Charles A. Coppel (Ed.), Violent Conflicts in Indonesia. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis e-library.
16. de Fretes CJ (2016) Dinamika Isu Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS) Terhadap Masyarakat Ambon Dalam Konflik 1999. Cakrawala Jurnal Penelitian Sosial 5(1).
17. Dijk KV (2010) Elitist Premises of Snouck Hurgronje’s Association Fantasy. Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Study 17(3).
18. Doris J (1992) Balai Pustaka: A Colonial Wolf in Sheep's Clothing. Archipel: Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien 44:23-46. doi: 10.3406/arch.1992.2848
19. Drake C (2019) National Integration in Indonesia: Pattern and Policies. In.
20. Elisabeth A (2006) Dimensi Internasional Kasus Papua. Jurnal Penelitian Politik 3(1). doi: 10.14203/jpp.v3i1.422
21. Fatgehipon AH (2021) The Exodus of KNIL Soldiers from Maluku to the Netherlands in 1950s. TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, 12(2), 195-206.
22. Febrianti SW, Arum AS, Dermawan W, & Akim A (2019) Internal Conflict Resolution Between Government of Indonesia and Separatist Movement in Papua using Horse-Trading Mechanism. Society 7:83-100. doi: 10.33019/society.v7i2.86
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25. Hamdiyah LM, Mohamad S, Kulap M (2017) The History Education and Establishment of Multicultural Awareness of Students. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 4:36. doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v4i5.91
26. Heryanto A (2018) Decolonising Indonesia, Past and Present. Asian Studies Review, 42(4), 607-625. doi:10.1080/10357823.2018.1516733
27. Hüsken F, Rutten M, Dirkse JP (1997) Indonesia Di Bawah Orde Baru: Pembangunan Dan Kesejahteraan Sosial [Indonesia's Experiences Under The New Order: Development And Social Welfare]. Jakarta Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
28. Imadudin I (2015) Pendidikan Kolonial dan Politik Asosiasi: Kajian Atas Memoar Pangeran Aria Achmad Djajadiningrat (1877-1943). Patanjala: Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 7(3). doi: 10.30959/patanjala.v7i3.118
29. Jayanti K (2013) Konflik Vertikal Antara Gerakan Aceh Merdeka di Aceh Dengan Pemerintah Pusat di Jakarta Tahun 1976-2005. Al-Turas 19:49-70.
30. Kartodirdjo S (1982) Pemikiran dan Perkembangan Historiografi Indonesia: Suatu Alternatif [The Thought and Development of Indonesian Historiography: An Alternative]. Jakarta: Gramedia.
31. Kartodirdjo S (2005) Pengantar Sejarah Indonesia Baru: Sejak Indische sampai Indonesia [Introduction to the New History of Indonesia: From Indische to Indonesia]. Jakarta: Kompas.
32. Kartodirdjo S (2014) Pengantar Sejarah Indonesia Baru: Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional (2nd ed. Vol. 2). Yogyakarta: Ombak.
33. Klooster HAJ (1985) Indonesiërs schrijven hun geschiedenis: de ontwikkeling van de Indonesische geschiedbeoefening in theorie en praktijk, 1900-1980 [Indonesians wrote their history: the development of Indonesian history in theory and practice, 1900-1980]. Leiden: KITLV.
34. Leirissa RZ, Ohorella GA, Harjono PS, Wulandari T (1993) Tantangan dan rongrongan terhadap keutuhan negara dan kesatuan RI: Kasus Republik Maluku Selatan. Jakarta: CV Manggala Bhakti.
35. Margawati M (2000) Konflik antar Agama atau Politisasi Agama? Paper presented at the Simposium Internasional Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia ke-1 Makassar.
36. McGregor KE (2008) Ketika Sejarah Berseragam: Membongkar Ideologi Militer Dalam Menyusun Sejarah Indonesia [History in Uniform: Military Ideology and The Construction of Indonesia’s Past] (Djohana Oka, Trans.). Yogyakarta: Syarikat Indonesia.
37. Meilink-Roelofsz MAP (1962) Asian Trade and European Influence in The Indonesian Archipelago Between 1500 and About 1630. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
38. Michael V (2003) Funan Reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients. Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 90/91:101-143. doi: 10.3406/befeo.2003.3609
39. Moedjanto G, Sunarti N, Kristanto CD, Haryono A, Padi, AA (1992) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia [National History of Indonesia for High School] (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana.
40. Niel RV (2009) Munculnya Elite Modern Indonesia [The Emergence of the Indonesian Elite] (Zahara Deliar Noer, Trans.). Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
41. Nordholt HS (2004) De-colonising Indonesian Historiography. Paper presented at the the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies public lecture series ‘Focus Asia’ Sweden.
42. Notosusanto N, Basri Y (Eds.) (1981) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Untuk SMA [The National History of Indonesia for Secondary School] (Vol. 3). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
43. Notosusanto N, Basri Y (Eds.) (1992) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Untuk SMA [The National History of Indonesia for Secondary School] (Vol. 3). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
44. Pijper GF (1961) Professor Dr. Pangeran Ario Hoesein Djajadiningrat. 8 december 1886-12 november 1960 %J Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 117:401-409. doi: 10.1163/22134379-90002169
45. Pires T (1944) Suma Oriental. In Vol. 1. Armando Cortesao (Ed.). Retrieved from https://ia800202.us.archive.org/14/items/McGillLibrary-136385-182/136385.pdf
46. Poesponegoro MD, Notosusanto N (1990) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia [National History of Indonesia] (Yusmar Basri Ed. 4 ed. Vol. V). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
47. Pratiwi EA (2019) Campur tangan asing di Indonesia: Crisis Management Initiative dalam penyelesaian konflik Aceh (2005-2012). Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 2(2).
48. Purwanta H (2018) The representation of colonial discourse in Indonesian secondary education history textbooks during and after the New Order (1975–2013). History of Education 47:349–361. doi: 10.1080/0046760X.2017.1384855
49. Purwanto B (2006) Gagalnya Historiografi Indonesia?! [The Failure of Indonesian Historiography?!]. Yogyakarta: Ombak.
50. Reid A (1988) Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450-1680 (Vol. 1). London: Yale University Press.
51. Reisigl M (2014) Argumentation Analysis and the Discourse-Historical Approach: A Methodological Framework. In Christopher Hart & Piotr Cap (Eds.), Contemporary Critical Discourse Studies. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
52. Reisigl M (2018) The Discourse-Historical Approach. In John Flowerdew & John E. Richardson (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge.
53. Reisigl M, Wodak, RE (2015) The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies (pp. 23-61). London: Sage.
54. Roos DO (2021) Segregasi Sosial Pascakonflik 1999 di Ambon. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian 2(1).
55. Sardiman AM, Kusriyantinah (1996) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum untuk SMA [National history of Indonesia and the World for High School] (Vol. 2c). Surabaya: Kendang Sari.
56. Schulze KE (2017) The “ethnic” in Indonesia’s communal conflicts: violence in Ambon, Poso, and Sambas. Ethnic and Racial Studies 40:2096–2114. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1277030
57. Smith AD (1991) National Identity. London: Penguin Books.
58. Soedjatmoko (1973) Kesadaran Sejarah dan Pembangunan [Historical Consciousness and Development Program]. Paper presented at the Penataran Ahli-Ahli Sejarah, Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.
59. Surjomihardjo A (1973) Budi Utomo cabang Betawi. Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu.
60. Sutherland H (2008) Meneliti Sejarah Penulisan Sejarah [Study of Historiography]. In Henk Schulte Nordholt, Bambang Purwanto and Ratna Saptari (Ed.), Perspektif Baru Penulisan Sejarah Indonesia [The New Perspectives in Writing the Indonesian History]. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
61. Van Leur JC (1955) Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian and Economic History. The Hague, Bandung: W. Van Hoeve
62. Vatikiotis MRJ (1998) Indonesian Politics Under Suharto: The Rise and Fall of the New Order. London: Taylor & Francis.
63. Vlekke BHM (1961) Nusantara: A History of Indonesia. Jakarta: W. Van Hoeve.
64. Wallach J (2002) Exploring Class, Nation, and Xenocentrism in Indonesian Cassette Retail Outlet. Indonesia 74:79-102. doi: 10.2307/3351527
65. Waridah SQ, Sukardi, , Sunarto (2000) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum untuk SMA [National history of Indonesia and the World for High School] (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
66. White H (2008) The Historical Event. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 19:9-34.
67. Wood M (2005) Official History in Modern Indonesia: New Order Perceptions and Counterviews. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
68. Wulandari F (2002) Indonesian Youths Have Little Sense of Nationhood Reportage. Jakarta Post. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/print/106294

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Purwanta, H., Pelu, M., & Bramastia. (2023). Deconstructing modernism discourse in Indonesian history textbooks during the military regime (1975–1998). Multidisciplinary Reviews, 6(1), 2023008. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2023008

[1] Abubakar MB (2015) The Politics of National Integration in Indonesia: An Analysis of The Role of Military in the Province of Aceh. Aceh: Unimal Press.

[2] Akbar W (2018) BIN Ungkap 39 Persen Mahasiswa Terpapar Radikalisme [The State Intelligence Agency Reveals 39 % of Students were influenced by Radicalism], News. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180429023027-20-294442/bin-ungkap-39-persen-mahasiswa-terpapar-radikalisme

[3] Akob B, Jamil TM, Husaini I, Purwanta H (2021) Inter-Ethnics Relationship Speech in Indonesian High School History. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana 26:61-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4556167

[4] Alganih I (2016) Konflik Poso: Kajian Historis Tahun 1998-2001. Jurnal Criksetra 5:166-174.

[5] Alwino A (2018) Memahami Konsep Kepentingan Diri Menurut Agustinus dan Hobbes. Melintas 34:233-247. doi: 10.26593/mel.v34i3.3458.233-247

[6] Ariwibowo T (2021) Konflik Poso dalam Perspektif Peperangan Asimetris. Syctax Literate 6:2015-2029. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i4.2478

[7] Arkanudin A (2006) Menelusuri Akar Konflik Antar etnik di Kalimantan Barat. Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi 7:185-194. doi: 10.29313/mediator.v7i2.1276

[8] Badrika IW (1997) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum untuk SMA [National history of Indonesia and the World for High School] (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Erlangga.

[9] Barbosa D (1921) The Book of Duarte Barbosa (Mansel Longworth Dames, Trans. Vol. II). London: The Hakluyt Society.

[10] Berray M (2019) A Critical Literary Review of the Melting Pot and Salad Bowl Assimilation and Integration Theories. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6:142-151. doi: 10.29333/ejecs/217

[11] Bhakti IN (2001) Militer Politik Kekerasan Orde Baru: Soeharto Di Belakang Peristiwa 27 Juli [Political Military Violence of the New order: Suharto Behind the 27 July Incident]. Bandung: Mizan.

[12] Birch AH (1989) Nationalism and national integration.

[13] Borgesius LZ (2015) Een zedelijke roeping: Koloniaal ontwikkelingsdenken door liberalen en antirevolutionairen, 1848-1901. (Bachelor in History Undergraduate Thesis), Retrieved from https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/378

[14] Coedès G (1975) The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (Susan Brown Cowing, Trans. Walter F. Vella Ed. Second ed.). Canberra: Australian National University Press.

[15] Coppel CA (2006) Violence: Analysis, representation and resolution. In Charles A. Coppel (Ed.), Violent Conflicts in Indonesia. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis e-library.

[16] de Fretes CJ (2016) Dinamika Isu Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS) Terhadap Masyarakat Ambon Dalam Konflik 1999. Cakrawala Jurnal Penelitian Sosial 5(1).

[17] Dijk KV (2010) Elitist Premises of Snouck Hurgronje’s Association Fantasy. Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Study 17(3).

[18] Doris J (1992) Balai Pustaka: A Colonial Wolf in Sheep's Clothing. Archipel: Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien 44:23-46. doi: 10.3406/arch.1992.2848

[19] Drake C (2019) National Integration in Indonesia: Pattern and Policies. In.

[20] Elisabeth A (2006) Dimensi Internasional Kasus Papua. Jurnal Penelitian Politik 3(1). doi: 10.14203/jpp.v3i1.422

[21] Fatgehipon AH (2021) The Exodus of KNIL Soldiers from Maluku to the Netherlands in 1950s. TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, 12(2), 195-206.

[22] Febrianti SW, Arum AS, Dermawan W, & Akim A (2019) Internal Conflict Resolution Between Government of Indonesia and Separatist Movement in Papua using Horse-Trading Mechanism. Society 7:83-100. doi: 10.33019/society.v7i2.86

[23] Gordon A (2018) A Last Word: Amendments and Corrections to Indonesia’s Colonial Surplus 1880–1939. Journal of Contemporary Asia 48:508-518. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2018.1433865

[24] Hall KR (2019) Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. In.

[25] Hamdiyah LM, Mohamad S, Kulap M (2017) The History Education and Establishment of Multicultural Awareness of Students. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 4:36. doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v4i5.91

[26] Heryanto A (2018) Decolonising Indonesia, Past and Present. Asian Studies Review, 42(4), 607-625. doi:10.1080/10357823.2018.1516733

[27] Hüsken F, Rutten M, Dirkse JP (1997) Indonesia Di Bawah Orde Baru: Pembangunan Dan Kesejahteraan Sosial [Indonesia's Experiences Under The New Order: Development And Social Welfare]. Jakarta Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.

[28] Imadudin I (2015) Pendidikan Kolonial dan Politik Asosiasi: Kajian Atas Memoar Pangeran Aria Achmad Djajadiningrat (1877-1943). Patanjala: Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 7(3). doi: 10.30959/patanjala.v7i3.118

[29] Jayanti K (2013) Konflik Vertikal Antara Gerakan Aceh Merdeka di Aceh Dengan Pemerintah Pusat di Jakarta Tahun 1976-2005. Al-Turas 19:49-70.

[30] Kartodirdjo S (1982) Pemikiran dan Perkembangan Historiografi Indonesia: Suatu Alternatif [The Thought and Development of Indonesian Historiography: An Alternative]. Jakarta: Gramedia.

[31] Kartodirdjo S (2005) Pengantar Sejarah Indonesia Baru: Sejak Indische sampai Indonesia [Introduction to the New History of Indonesia: From Indische to Indonesia]. Jakarta: Kompas.

[32] Kartodirdjo S (2014) Pengantar Sejarah Indonesia Baru: Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional (2nd ed. Vol. 2). Yogyakarta: Ombak.

[33] Klooster HAJ (1985) Indonesiërs schrijven hun geschiedenis: de ontwikkeling van de Indonesische geschiedbeoefening in theorie en praktijk, 1900-1980 [Indonesians wrote their history: the development of Indonesian history in theory and practice, 1900-1980]. Leiden: KITLV.

[34] Leirissa RZ, Ohorella GA, Harjono PS, Wulandari T (1993) Tantangan dan rongrongan terhadap keutuhan negara dan kesatuan RI: Kasus Republik Maluku Selatan. Jakarta: CV Manggala Bhakti.

[35] Margawati M (2000) Konflik antar Agama atau Politisasi Agama? Paper presented at the Simposium Internasional Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia ke-1 Makassar.

[36] McGregor KE (2008) Ketika Sejarah Berseragam: Membongkar Ideologi Militer Dalam Menyusun Sejarah Indonesia [History in Uniform: Military Ideology and The Construction of Indonesia’s Past] (Djohana Oka, Trans.). Yogyakarta: Syarikat Indonesia.

[37] Meilink-Roelofsz MAP (1962) Asian Trade and European Influence in The Indonesian Archipelago Between 1500 and About 1630. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

[38] Michael V (2003) Funan Reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients. Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 90/91:101-143. doi: 10.3406/befeo.2003.3609

[39] Moedjanto G, Sunarti N, Kristanto CD, Haryono A, Padi, AA (1992) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia [National History of Indonesia for High School] (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana.

[40] Niel RV (2009) Munculnya Elite Modern Indonesia [The Emergence of the Indonesian Elite] (Zahara Deliar Noer, Trans.). Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.

[41] Nordholt HS (2004) De-colonising Indonesian Historiography. Paper presented at the the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies public lecture series ‘Focus Asia’ Sweden.

[42] Notosusanto N, Basri Y (Eds.) (1981) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Untuk SMA [The National History of Indonesia for Secondary School] (Vol. 3). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

[43] Notosusanto N, Basri Y (Eds.) (1992) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Untuk SMA [The National History of Indonesia for Secondary School] (Vol. 3). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

[44] Pijper GF (1961) Professor Dr. Pangeran Ario Hoesein Djajadiningrat. 8 december 1886-12 november 1960 %J Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 117:401-409. doi: 10.1163/22134379-90002169

[45] Pires T (1944) Suma Oriental. In Vol. 1. Armando Cortesao (Ed.). Retrieved from https://ia800202.us.archive.org/14/items/McGillLibrary-136385-182/136385.pdf

[46] Poesponegoro MD, Notosusanto N (1990) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia [National History of Indonesia] (Yusmar Basri Ed. 4 ed. Vol. V). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

[47] Pratiwi EA (2019) Campur tangan asing di Indonesia: Crisis Management Initiative dalam penyelesaian konflik Aceh (2005-2012). Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 2(2).

[48] Purwanta H (2018) The representation of colonial discourse in Indonesian secondary education history textbooks during and after the New Order (1975–2013). History of Education 47:349–361. doi: 10.1080/0046760X.2017.1384855

[49] Purwanto B (2006) Gagalnya Historiografi Indonesia?! [The Failure of Indonesian Historiography?!]. Yogyakarta: Ombak.

[50] Reid A (1988) Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450-1680 (Vol. 1). London: Yale University Press.

[51] Reisigl M (2014) Argumentation Analysis and the Discourse-Historical Approach: A Methodological Framework. In Christopher Hart & Piotr Cap (Eds.), Contemporary Critical Discourse Studies. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

[52] Reisigl M (2018) The Discourse-Historical Approach. In John Flowerdew & John E. Richardson (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge.

[53] Reisigl M, Wodak, RE (2015) The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies (pp. 23-61). London: Sage.

[54] Roos DO (2021) Segregasi Sosial Pascakonflik 1999 di Ambon. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian 2(1).

[55] Sardiman AM, Kusriyantinah (1996) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum untuk SMA [National history of Indonesia and the World for High School] (Vol. 2c). Surabaya: Kendang Sari.

[56] Schulze KE (2017) The “ethnic” in Indonesia’s communal conflicts: violence in Ambon, Poso, and Sambas. Ethnic and Racial Studies 40:2096–2114. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1277030

[57] Smith AD (1991) National Identity. London: Penguin Books.

[58] Soedjatmoko (1973) Kesadaran Sejarah dan Pembangunan [Historical Consciousness and Development Program]. Paper presented at the Penataran Ahli-Ahli Sejarah, Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.

[59] Surjomihardjo A (1973) Budi Utomo cabang Betawi. Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu.

[60] Sutherland H (2008) Meneliti Sejarah Penulisan Sejarah [Study of Historiography]. In Henk Schulte Nordholt, Bambang Purwanto and Ratna Saptari (Ed.), Perspektif Baru Penulisan Sejarah Indonesia [The New Perspectives in Writing the Indonesian History]. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

[61] Van Leur JC (1955) Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian and Economic History. The Hague, Bandung: W. Van Hoeve

[62] Vatikiotis MRJ (1998) Indonesian Politics Under Suharto: The Rise and Fall of the New Order. London: Taylor & Francis.

[63] Vlekke BHM (1961) Nusantara: A History of Indonesia. Jakarta: W. Van Hoeve.

[64] Wallach J (2002) Exploring Class, Nation, and Xenocentrism in Indonesian Cassette Retail Outlet. Indonesia 74:79-102. doi: 10.2307/3351527

[65] Waridah SQ, Sukardi, , Sunarto (2000) Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum untuk SMA [National history of Indonesia and the World for High School] (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

[66] White H (2008) The Historical Event. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 19:9-34.

[67] Wood M (2005) Official History in Modern Indonesia: New Order Perceptions and Counterviews. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.

[68] Wulandari F (2002) Indonesian Youths Have Little Sense of Nationhood Reportage. Jakarta Post. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/print/106294

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References

How to cite