Betting on inequalities: Gender economics, and online gambling's grip in Indonesia

Erlanti Fadilla Riskitiasyah; Arie Kusuma Paksi

doi:10.31893/multirev.2026126

Keywords:

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the gendered socioeconomic repercussions of online gambling in Indonesia. The Structural Violence Theory developed by Johan Galtung is utilized to investigate the ways in which transnational gaming networks contribute to the persistence of systemic inequalities. Based on the qualitative analysis of secondary sources, which includes regional case studies and statistics from the government, it has been determined that women are subjected to a disproportionate amount of emotional and financial duties, functioning as both victims and unwilling participants. Comparative research between Cambodia and the Philippines sheds light on the ways in which legal frameworks influence the spread of gambling and the gender-specific effects of gambling for both countries. According to the findings of the research, structural violence against women is perpetuated for a number of reasons, including regulatory shortcomings, economic instability, and cultural stigmas. It concludes with recommendations for collaboration at the ASEAN level, the design of policies that are sensitive to gender issues, and public awareness programmes to mitigate the negative effects of these factors.
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How to cite

Riskitiasyah, E. F., & Paksi, A. K. (2025). Betting on inequalities: Gender economics, and online gambling’s grip in Indonesia. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 9(3), 2026126. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2026126

[1] Adri, A. (2024). The snare of “online” gambling causes divorce. Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/07/01/en-jerat-judi-online-akibatkan-perceraian

[2] Ang, L. (2020). Online gambling: The trap of Cambodian dependency on Chinese investment in Sihanoukville. Cambodianess. https://www.cambodianess.com/article/online-gambling-the-trap-of-cambodian-dependency-on-chinese-investment-in-sihanoukville

[3] Aprita, S., Mulkan, H., Hasyim, Y., Raspita, D., Fakhriah, S., Muadzdzib, A., Khuluqi, I. M., Putri, A. I., & Antisa, F. (2024). Penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku tindak pidana perjudian online di Kelurahan Tanjung Raja Utara Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Karunia: Jurnal Hasil Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia, 3(1), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.58192/karunia.v3i1.2035

[4] ASEAN. (2021). ASEAN security outlook. ASEAN. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ASEAN-Security-Outlook-ASO-2021.pdf

[5] Aziz, A. (2024). The phenomenon of divorce is caused by online gambling in East Jakarta. Al-Madinah: Journal of Islamic Civilization, 1(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.70901/2brpvm36

[6] B2B. (2025). Cambodia 2024 economic data in review. B2B Cambodia. https://b2b-cambodia.com/articles/cambodia-2024-economic-data-in-review/

[7] Bestari, N. P. (2023). Judi online bikin warga RI rugi Rp 27 T, ini kata Menkominfo. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20230808150434-37-461141/judi-online-bikin-warga-ri-rugi-rp-27-t-ini-kata-menkominfo

[8] Calabrese, L. (2023). The implications of Chinese capital in Cambodia. King’s College London. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/chinese-capital-in-cambodia

[9] Calabrese, L., & Wang, Y. (2023). Chinese capital, regulatory strength and the BRI: A tale of ‘fractured development’ in Cambodia. World Development, 169(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106290

[10] Camba, A. (2024). How big is the Philippines’ online gambling problem? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/how-big-is-the-philippines-online-gambling-problem/

[11] Cambodgemag. (2025). Cambodia & economy: Casino revenues to rise 85% by 2024, kingdom aims to expand into integrated resorts. Cambodgemag. https://www.cambodgemag.com/en/post/cambodia-economy-casino-revenues-to-rise-85-by-2024-kingdom-aims-to-expand-into-integrated-res

[12] Ceballos, X. D. (2024). Recto: Philippines losing out on POGO economic costs. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2024/7/22/recto-philippines-losing-out-on-pogo-economic-costs

[13] Chheang, V. (2017). The political economy of Chinese investment in Cambodia. In T. C. Tiong (Ed.), The political economy of Chinese investment in Cambodia (16th ed., pp. 1–32). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814786805

[14] CNN Indonesia. (2024). Menteri Agama: Ada 4.000 pasangan cerai karena judi online. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20241121125026-20-1169078/menteri-agama-ada-4000-pasangan-cerai-karena-judi-online

[15] Dizon, D. (2024). Counting the cost: POGO ban to affect 40,000 workers, P40-B revenue - Pagcor. ABS-CBN News. https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/7/23/counting-the-cost-pogo-ban-to-affect-40-000-workers-p40-b-revenue-pagcor-838

[16] Dobberstein, L. (2024). Indonesia blocks 2.5 million pieces of gambling content, minister says it’s not enough. The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2024/07/23/indonesia_online_gambling_crackdown/

[17] Dodi, H. (2024). Online gambling drives up divorce rates in Indonesia. Trenmetro. https://www.trenmetro.com/2024/10/online-gambling-drives-up-divorce-rates-in-indonesia/

[18] Fahrudin, A., Satispi, E., Subardhini, M., Andayani, R. H., Jayaputra, A., Yuniarti, L., Wijayanti, F., & Suryani, S. (2024). Online gambling addiction: Problems and solutions for policymakers and stakeholders in Indonesia. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(11), 9077. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i11.9077

[19] Farmer, P. (2004). An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 305–325.

[20] Gading, S. (2023). Transaksi judi online tembus Rp 200 T, kerugian Rp 27 T/tahun. DetikFinance. https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-6945887/bukan-main-transaksi-judi-online-tembus-rp-200-t-kerugian-rp-27-t-tahun

[21] Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191. http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690

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