Surge capacity preparedness in emergencies and disasters

Eman Al-Smadi; Jafar A. Jafar; Haytham Al-Oran

doi:10.31893/multirev.2025335

Keywords:

Abstract

Surge capacity is a fundamental and critical approach to hospital preparedness. To successfully survive a typically unexpected situation, a well-developed disaster plan is essential. The aim of this review paper was to provide current evidence of the use of the hospital preparedness approach in managing emergencies and disasters. Between January 2014 and June 2024, a comprehensive search of published articles in English via EBSCO, CINAHL, Google Scholar, PubMed, and MEDLINE was conducted. The search included both quantitative and qualitative studies. In total, 44 articles were relevant to the review. All the identified relevant papers were reviewed to determine the studies related to this review. Two subtopics were identified: hospital preparedness and surge capacity. The findings of the reviewed studies provide an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of hospital preparedness and surge capacity. It is integral to healthcare system programs, particularly in disaster-prone areas, to manage the state of chaos effectively and control morbidity and mortality rates. Nurses, recognized as experts in planning and coordinating patient care, assume a primary role in disaster planning efforts. Understanding the concept of surge capacity, it becomes clearer that nurses and nurse managers play a crucial role in enhancing emergency preparedness plans.
References
1. Abolghasem Gorgi, H., Jafari, M., Shabanikiya, H., Seyedin, H., Rahimi, A., & Vafaee-Najar, A. (2017). Hospital surge capacity in disasters in a developing country: Challenges and strategies. Trauma Monthly, 22(5), e59238. https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.59238
2. Al-Hajj, S., Abou-El-Hassan, H., Khalil, L., Kaafarani, H. M., & El Sayed, M. (2020). Hospital disaster and emergency preparedness (HDEP) in Lebanon: A national comprehensive assessment. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101889
3. Alruwaili, A., Islam, S., & Usher, K. (2019). Disaster preparedness in hospitals in the Middle East: An integrative literature review. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(4), 806–816. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.138
4. Aminizadeh, M., Farrokhi, M., Ebadi, A., Masoumi, G., Kolivand, P., & Khankeh, H. (2022). Hospital preparedness challenges in biological disasters: A qualitative study. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(3), 956–960. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.434
5. Armstrong, J. B. P. (2024). Preparing your emergency department for disaster: Optimizing surge capacity during mass casualty events. Healthcare Management Forum, 37(2), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704231199403
6. Beyrami Jam, M., Aminizadeh, M., Akbari-Shahrestanaki, Y., & Khankeh, H. R. (2024). Evaluating the disaster preparedness of emergency medical services (EMS) facilities: A cross-sectional investigation in Iran. BMC Emergency Medicine, 24(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-024-00932-z
7. Bifulco, L., Centemeri, L., & Mozzana, C. (2021). For preparedness as transformation. Sociologica, 15(3), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/13939
8. Blanchette, R. A., van Bree, E. M., & Bierens, J. J. (2023). Hospital disaster preparedness in the Netherlands. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 93, 103778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103778
9. Dahmash, E. Z., Madi, T., Shatat, A., Oroud, Y., Hassan, S. K., Nassar, O., & Iyire, A. (2023). Assessment of hospital readiness to respond to COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan—A cross sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031798
10. Djalali, A., Della Corte, F., Foletti, M., Ragazzoni, L., Gallardo, A. R., Lupescu, O., & Ingrassia, P. L. (2014). Art of disaster preparedness in European Union: A survey on the health systems. PLOS Currents Disasters, 1, 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.56cf1c5c1b0deae1595a48e294685d2f
11. Goniewicz, K., Goniewicz, M., Burkle, F. M., & Khorram-Manesh, A. (2021). Cohort research analysis of disaster experience, preparedness, and competency-based training among nurses. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0244488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244488
12. Hasan, M. K., Nasrullah, S. M., Quattrocchi, A., Arcos González, P., & Castro Delgado, R. (2022). Hospital surge capacity preparedness in disasters and emergencies: Protocol for a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013437
13. Hasan, M. K., Nasrullah, S. M., Quattrocchi, A., González, P. A., & Castro-Delgado, R. (2023). Hospital surge capacity preparedness in disasters and emergencies: A systematic review. Public Health, 225, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.017
14. Hoominfar, E., & Radel, C. (2020). Contested dam development in Iran: A case study of the exercise of state power over local people. Sustainability, 12(13), 5476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135476
15. Husna, C., Kamil, H., Yahya, M., Tahlil, T., & Darmawati, D. (2020). Does tabletop exercise enhance knowledge and attitude in preparing disaster drills? Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 10(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v10i2.29117
16. Kerola, A., Hirvensalo, E., & Franc, J. M. (2024). The impact of exposure to previous disasters on hospital disaster surge capacity preparedness in Finland: Hospital disaster surge capacity preparedness. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 18, e15. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.1
17. Khan, A., Alowais, J., Nofal, A., & Alama, T. (2021). Assessment of disaster preparedness at general hospitals in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Western region of Saudi Arabia: A study of pre intervention and post intervention test scores from 2017 to 2019. Saudi Medical Journal, 42(5), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2021.42.5.20200804
18. Khorram-Manesh, A., Gray, L., Goniewicz, K., Cocco, A., Ranse, J., Phattharapornjaroen, P., & Carlström, E. (2024). Care in emergencies and disasters: Can it be person-centered? Patient Education and Counseling, 118, 108046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2023.108046
19. Labrague, L. J., & Hammad, K. (2024). Disaster preparedness among nurses in disaster-prone countries: A systematic review. Australasian Emergency Care, 27(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2023.09.002
20. Mackie, B. R., Weber, S., Mitchell, M. L., Crilly, J., Wilson, B., Handy, M., ... & Ranse, J. (2022). Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear response in Queensland emergency services: A multisite study. Health Security, 20(3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2021.0214
21. Marcozzi, D. E., Pietrobon, R., Lawler, J. V., French, M. T., Mecher, C., Baehr, N. E., & Browne, B. J. (2021). The application of a hospital medical surge preparedness index to assess national pandemic and other mass casualty readiness. Journal of Healthcare Management, 66(5), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1097/JHM-D-20-00294
22. Mikovits, J. C. (2021). A concept analysis of preparedness: Application to LGBTQ considerations for nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13208
23. Molassiotis, A., Guo, C., Abu-Odah, H., West, C., & Loke, A. Y. (2021). Evolution of disaster nursing research in the past 30 years (1990–2019): A bibliometric and mapping analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 58, 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102230
24. Montán, K. L., Örtenwall, P., Blimark, M., Montán, C., & Lennquist, S. (2023). A method for detailed determination of hospital surge capacity: A prerequisite for optimal preparedness for mass-casualty incidents. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 49(2), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-022-02081-z
25. Munasinghe, N. L., O’Reilly, G., & Cameron, P. (2022). Establishing the domains of a hospital disaster preparedness evaluation tool: A systematic review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 37(5), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X22001212
26. Nocci, M., Villa, G., Ragazzoni, L., Tofani, L., Romagnoli, S., Baldini, G., & Della Corte, F. (2023). Relationship between intensive care surge capacity and hospital factors: An extensive experience. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 18(5), 1521–1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-023-03233-8
27. Ortiz-Barrios, M., Gul, M., López-Meza, P., Yucesan, M., & Navarro-Jiménez, E. (2020). Evaluation of hospital disaster preparedness by a multi-criteria decision making approach: The case of Turkish hospitals. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 49, 101748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101748
28. Rahmati-Najarkolaei, F., Moeeni, A., Ebadi, A., & Heidaranlu, E. (2017). Assessment of a military hospital’s disaster preparedness using a health incident command system. Trauma Monthly, 22(2), e31448. https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.31448
29. Samei, B., Babaie, J., Tabrizi, J. S., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Azami-Aghdash, S., Derakhshani, N., & Rezapour, R. (2023). Factors affecting the functional preparedness of hospitals in response to disasters: A systematic review. Bulletin of Emergency & Trauma, 11(3), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.30476/BEAT.2023.97841.1414
30. Sellers, D., Crilly, J., & Ranse, J. (2022). Disaster preparedness: A concept analysis and its application to the intensive care unit. Australian Critical Care, 35(2), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2021.04.005
31. Shabanikiya, H., Jafari, M., Gorgi, H. A., Seyedin, H., & Rahimi, A. (2019). Developing a practical toolkit for evaluating hospital preparedness for surge capacity in disasters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 34, 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.12.011
32. Shafiei, A., Arsalani, N., Beyrami Jam, M., & Khankeh, H. R. (2024). The impact of surge capacity enhancement training for nursing managers on hospital disaster preparedness and response: An action research study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 24(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-024-00930-1
33. Sheikhbardsiri, H., Nekoei-Moghadam, M., Yarmohammadian, M. H., Khankeh, H., Aminizadeh, M., & Ebadi, A. (2022). Developing and psychometric testing of the evaluation tool for disaster exercises design stage: A mixed method study. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0260581. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260581
34. Siman-Tov, M., Davidson, B., & Adini, B. (2020). Maintaining preparedness to severe though infrequent threats—Can it be done? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072385
35. Siriwardhana, Y., Gür, G., Ylianttila, M., & Liyanage, M. (2021). The role of 5G for digital healthcare against COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges. ICT Express, 7(2), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2020.10.002
36. Songwathana, P., & Timalsina, R. (2021). Disaster preparedness among nurses of developing countries: An integrative review. International Emergency Nursing, 55, 100955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100955
37. TariVerdi, M., Miller-Hooks, E., & Kirsch, T. (2018). Strategies for improved hospital response to mass casualty incidents. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 12(6), 778–790. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.4
38. Thomasian, N. M., Madad, S., Hick, J. L., Ranney, M. L., & Biddinger, P. D. (2021). Hospital surge preparedness and response index. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 15(3), 398–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.190
39. Thompson Bastin, M. L., Berger, K., Adams, C. D., Altshuler, J., Dixit, D., Effendi, M. K., & Heavner, M. S. (2021). Adapting clinical pharmacy staffing models during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and considerations for future disaster planning. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 4(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1374
40. Verheul, M. L., & Dückers, M. L. (2020). Defining and operationalizing disaster preparedness in hospitals: A systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19005181
41. Yao, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Zhao, F., & Bai, S. (2022). The PRISMA 2020 statement: A system review of hospital preparedness for bioterrorism events. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316257
42. Veenema, T. G. (Ed.). (2018). Disaster nursing and emergency preparedness. Springer Publishing Company.
43. European Union/ECHO. (2022). European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document, Overview of Natural and Man-made Disaster Risks the European Union may face. European Union/ECHO.
44. Saidam, M. N., & Eljedi, A. Y. (2018). The role perception and preparedness of emergency nurses for disaster management at the governmental hospitals in Gaza Strip [Unpublished master's thesis]. Islamic University.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Al-Smadi, E., Jafar , J. A., & Al-Oran, H. (2025). Surge capacity preparedness in emergencies and disasters. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(10), 2025335. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025335

[1] Abolghasem Gorgi, H., Jafari, M., Shabanikiya, H., Seyedin, H., Rahimi, A., & Vafaee-Najar, A. (2017). Hospital surge capacity in disasters in a developing country: Challenges and strategies. Trauma Monthly, 22(5), e59238. https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.59238

[2] Al-Hajj, S., Abou-El-Hassan, H., Khalil, L., Kaafarani, H. M., & El Sayed, M. (2020). Hospital disaster and emergency preparedness (HDEP) in Lebanon: A national comprehensive assessment. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101889

[3] Alruwaili, A., Islam, S., & Usher, K. (2019). Disaster preparedness in hospitals in the Middle East: An integrative literature review. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(4), 806–816. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.138

[4] Aminizadeh, M., Farrokhi, M., Ebadi, A., Masoumi, G., Kolivand, P., & Khankeh, H. (2022). Hospital preparedness challenges in biological disasters: A qualitative study. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(3), 956–960. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.434

[5] Armstrong, J. B. P. (2024). Preparing your emergency department for disaster: Optimizing surge capacity during mass casualty events. Healthcare Management Forum, 37(2), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704231199403

[6] Beyrami Jam, M., Aminizadeh, M., Akbari-Shahrestanaki, Y., & Khankeh, H. R. (2024). Evaluating the disaster preparedness of emergency medical services (EMS) facilities: A cross-sectional investigation in Iran. BMC Emergency Medicine, 24(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-024-00932-z

[7] Bifulco, L., Centemeri, L., & Mozzana, C. (2021). For preparedness as transformation. Sociologica, 15(3), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/13939

[8] Blanchette, R. A., van Bree, E. M., & Bierens, J. J. (2023). Hospital disaster preparedness in the Netherlands. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 93, 103778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103778

[9] Dahmash, E. Z., Madi, T., Shatat, A., Oroud, Y., Hassan, S. K., Nassar, O., & Iyire, A. (2023). Assessment of hospital readiness to respond to COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan—A cross sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031798

[10] Djalali, A., Della Corte, F., Foletti, M., Ragazzoni, L., Gallardo, A. R., Lupescu, O., & Ingrassia, P. L. (2014). Art of disaster preparedness in European Union: A survey on the health systems. PLOS Currents Disasters, 1, 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.56cf1c5c1b0deae1595a48e294685d2f

[11] Goniewicz, K., Goniewicz, M., Burkle, F. M., & Khorram-Manesh, A. (2021). Cohort research analysis of disaster experience, preparedness, and competency-based training among nurses. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0244488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244488

[12] Hasan, M. K., Nasrullah, S. M., Quattrocchi, A., Arcos González, P., & Castro Delgado, R. (2022). Hospital surge capacity preparedness in disasters and emergencies: Protocol for a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013437

[13] Hasan, M. K., Nasrullah, S. M., Quattrocchi, A., González, P. A., & Castro-Delgado, R. (2023). Hospital surge capacity preparedness in disasters and emergencies: A systematic review. Public Health, 225, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.017

[14] Hoominfar, E., & Radel, C. (2020). Contested dam development in Iran: A case study of the exercise of state power over local people. Sustainability, 12(13), 5476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135476

[15] Husna, C., Kamil, H., Yahya, M., Tahlil, T., & Darmawati, D. (2020). Does tabletop exercise enhance knowledge and attitude in preparing disaster drills? Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 10(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v10i2.29117

[16] Kerola, A., Hirvensalo, E., & Franc, J. M. (2024). The impact of exposure to previous disasters on hospital disaster surge capacity preparedness in Finland: Hospital disaster surge capacity preparedness. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 18, e15. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.1

[17] Khan, A., Alowais, J., Nofal, A., & Alama, T. (2021). Assessment of disaster preparedness at general hospitals in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Western region of Saudi Arabia: A study of pre intervention and post intervention test scores from 2017 to 2019. Saudi Medical Journal, 42(5), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2021.42.5.20200804

[18] Khorram-Manesh, A., Gray, L., Goniewicz, K., Cocco, A., Ranse, J., Phattharapornjaroen, P., & Carlström, E. (2024). Care in emergencies and disasters: Can it be person-centered? Patient Education and Counseling, 118, 108046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2023.108046

[19] Labrague, L. J., & Hammad, K. (2024). Disaster preparedness among nurses in disaster-prone countries: A systematic review. Australasian Emergency Care, 27(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2023.09.002

[20] Mackie, B. R., Weber, S., Mitchell, M. L., Crilly, J., Wilson, B., Handy, M., ... & Ranse, J. (2022). Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear response in Queensland emergency services: A multisite study. Health Security, 20(3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2021.0214

[21] Marcozzi, D. E., Pietrobon, R., Lawler, J. V., French, M. T., Mecher, C., Baehr, N. E., & Browne, B. J. (2021). The application of a hospital medical surge preparedness index to assess national pandemic and other mass casualty readiness. Journal of Healthcare Management, 66(5), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1097/JHM-D-20-00294

[22] Mikovits, J. C. (2021). A concept analysis of preparedness: Application to LGBTQ considerations for nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13208

[23] Molassiotis, A., Guo, C., Abu-Odah, H., West, C., & Loke, A. Y. (2021). Evolution of disaster nursing research in the past 30 years (1990–2019): A bibliometric and mapping analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 58, 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102230

[24] Montán, K. L., Örtenwall, P., Blimark, M., Montán, C., & Lennquist, S. (2023). A method for detailed determination of hospital surge capacity: A prerequisite for optimal preparedness for mass-casualty incidents. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 49(2), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-022-02081-z

[25] Munasinghe, N. L., O’Reilly, G., & Cameron, P. (2022). Establishing the domains of a hospital disaster preparedness evaluation tool: A systematic review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 37(5), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X22001212

[26] Nocci, M., Villa, G., Ragazzoni, L., Tofani, L., Romagnoli, S., Baldini, G., & Della Corte, F. (2023). Relationship between intensive care surge capacity and hospital factors: An extensive experience. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 18(5), 1521–1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-023-03233-8

[27] Ortiz-Barrios, M., Gul, M., López-Meza, P., Yucesan, M., & Navarro-Jiménez, E. (2020). Evaluation of hospital disaster preparedness by a multi-criteria decision making approach: The case of Turkish hospitals. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 49, 101748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101748

[28] Rahmati-Najarkolaei, F., Moeeni, A., Ebadi, A., & Heidaranlu, E. (2017). Assessment of a military hospital’s disaster preparedness using a health incident command system. Trauma Monthly, 22(2), e31448. https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.31448

[29] Samei, B., Babaie, J., Tabrizi, J. S., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Azami-Aghdash, S., Derakhshani, N., & Rezapour, R. (2023). Factors affecting the functional preparedness of hospitals in response to disasters: A systematic review. Bulletin of Emergency & Trauma, 11(3), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.30476/BEAT.2023.97841.1414

[30] Sellers, D., Crilly, J., & Ranse, J. (2022). Disaster preparedness: A concept analysis and its application to the intensive care unit. Australian Critical Care, 35(2), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2021.04.005

[31] Shabanikiya, H., Jafari, M., Gorgi, H. A., Seyedin, H., & Rahimi, A. (2019). Developing a practical toolkit for evaluating hospital preparedness for surge capacity in disasters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 34, 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.12.011

[32] Shafiei, A., Arsalani, N., Beyrami Jam, M., & Khankeh, H. R. (2024). The impact of surge capacity enhancement training for nursing managers on hospital disaster preparedness and response: An action research study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 24(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-024-00930-1

[33] Sheikhbardsiri, H., Nekoei-Moghadam, M., Yarmohammadian, M. H., Khankeh, H., Aminizadeh, M., & Ebadi, A. (2022). Developing and psychometric testing of the evaluation tool for disaster exercises design stage: A mixed method study. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0260581. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260581

[34] Siman-Tov, M., Davidson, B., & Adini, B. (2020). Maintaining preparedness to severe though infrequent threats—Can it be done? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072385

[35] Siriwardhana, Y., Gür, G., Ylianttila, M., & Liyanage, M. (2021). The role of 5G for digital healthcare against COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges. ICT Express, 7(2), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2020.10.002

[36] Songwathana, P., & Timalsina, R. (2021). Disaster preparedness among nurses of developing countries: An integrative review. International Emergency Nursing, 55, 100955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100955

[37] TariVerdi, M., Miller-Hooks, E., & Kirsch, T. (2018). Strategies for improved hospital response to mass casualty incidents. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 12(6), 778–790. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.4

[38] Thomasian, N. M., Madad, S., Hick, J. L., Ranney, M. L., & Biddinger, P. D. (2021). Hospital surge preparedness and response index. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 15(3), 398–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.190

[39] Thompson Bastin, M. L., Berger, K., Adams, C. D., Altshuler, J., Dixit, D., Effendi, M. K., & Heavner, M. S. (2021). Adapting clinical pharmacy staffing models during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and considerations for future disaster planning. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 4(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1374

[40] Verheul, M. L., & Dückers, M. L. (2020). Defining and operationalizing disaster preparedness in hospitals: A systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19005181

[41] Yao, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Zhao, F., & Bai, S. (2022). The PRISMA 2020 statement: A system review of hospital preparedness for bioterrorism events. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316257

[42] Veenema, T. G. (Ed.). (2018). Disaster nursing and emergency preparedness. Springer Publishing Company.

[43] European Union/ECHO. (2022). European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document, Overview of Natural and Man-made Disaster Risks the European Union may face. European Union/ECHO.

[44] Saidam, M. N., & Eljedi, A. Y. (2018). The role perception and preparedness of emergency nurses for disaster management at the governmental hospitals in Gaza Strip [Unpublished master's thesis]. Islamic University.

Abstract

References

How to cite