Warehouse operations optimisation through the implementation of lean methodology: A comprehensive review

Mohd Khidir Osman; Effendi Mohamad; Nurhayati Kamarudin; Arfauz A. Rahman

doi:10.31893/multirev.2025110

Keywords:

lean warehousing

lean tools and techniques

warehouse operations

Abstract

In 2022, there was a slow growth in the developing nations' GDP, but Malaysia's economy grew strongly at 8.7% due to increased activity in a number of sectors, particularly in services. Malaysia’s strong economic growth has created a higher demand for warehouse facilities and efficient warehouse operations. As a result, the need for efficient warehouse operations to reduce expenses is evident. Thus, finding the best way to structure and design warehouse operations to maximise efficiency has been a significant problem for many organisations. Consequences, such as increased waste and a negative effect on the warehouse's overall performance, are due to lack of feedback and poor selection of logistical tools to improve flow efficiency. Therefore, this article contributed to bridge the gaps of knowledge on the lean theoretical framework for warehouse operations optimisation in finished goods warehouses. The study employs a qualitative research design methodology, reviewing and analysing 7 quality journals using thematic analysis. The analysis results have classified four key factors that influence warehouse operations optimisation: warehouse layout, material flow, inventory information, and resource allocations. These critical factors of warehouse operations efficiency are significantly affected by 5 primary wastes: waiting, transportation, defect, inventory, and underutilised employees. The findings has shown that the core lean tools, VSM and 5S, should be used sequentially to eliminate waste. The tools can also be used in conjunction with other complementary lean tools to further reduce primary waste. At the end, the study's findings highlighted the framework that aligned these key elements: warehouse operations factors, waste, and lean tools as the foundation structure and design of the theoretical framework for warehouse operations optimisation through the implementation of lean methodology to enhance production and orders. This work is anticipated to establish a basis for future research in the same field as a result of its innovative discoveries.
References
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2. Alhuraish I., Robledo C., Kobi, A., (2016). Impacts of lean manufacturing and six sigma, proceedings of the 22nd issat international conference on reliability and quality in design, 4-6 August 2016, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
3. Ambrosio, D., Freitas, M., Marins, F.A.S. and Caruso, M.O.S., (2022). A review on warehouse design and operations: flows, processes, and best practices, Sustainability, 14(12), 7429.
4. Andelkovic, A., Radosavljević, M. Stosic, P.D., (2016). Effects of lean tools in achieving lean warehousing. Economic themes, 54(4): 517-534.
5. Baby, B., Prasanth, N., and Jebadurai, D.S., (2018). Implementation of lean principles to improve the operations of a sales warehouse in the manufacturing industry, International Journal of Technology, 9(1), 46-54.
6. Bonilla-Ramirez K.A., Marcos-Palacios P., Quiroz-Flores J.C., Ramos-Palomino E.D., Alvarez-Merino J.C., 2019. Implementation of Lean Warehousing to Reduce the Level of Returns in a Distribution Company, Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE IEEM.
7. Bowersox, D. J., Closs, D.J., Cooper, M.B., and Bowersox, J.C., (2013). Supply chain logistics management, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill International Edition.
8. Braun, V. and Clarke, V., (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology, qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
9. Buba, M.G., Das, D.P., Ghadai, S.K., Bajpai, A. (2019). The effect of integrated warehouse operation efficiency on organisations performance. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2): 1664-1668.
10. Christiansen, H., (2015). Effective warehouse management using lean and six sigma. Faculty of science and technology of university of stavanger. Dusavik, Stavanger.
11. Coronel-Vasquez J.R., Huamani-Lara D.L., Flores-Perez A.E., Quiroz-Flores J.C., Collao-Diaz M.F., (2022). Logistics management model to reduce nonconforming orders through lean warehouse and JIT: a case of study in textile SMEs in Peru, ICIEA-2022- Europe, 12-14 January 2022, Barcelona, Spain.
12. Creswell J.W. and Creswell J.D., (2023). Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. 6th Ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc.
13. Cruz, H., Altamirano, E. and Carpio C., (2020). Lean model to reduce picking time delays through Heijunka, Kanban, 5S And JIT In the Construction Sector. 18th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology, Virtual, 27-31 July 2020.
14. De Jesus Pacheco D.A. Calusen D.M. and Bumann J., (2022). A multimethod approach for reducing operational wastes in distribution warehouses. International Journal of Production Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108705.
15. De Oliveira, A.V., Pimentel, C.M.O., Godina, R., Matias, J.C.d.O., Garrido, S.M.P., (2022). Improvement of the logistics flows in the receiving process of a warehouse. Logistics 2022, 6, (22).
16. Dotoli, M., Epicoco, N., Falagario, M., Costantino, N., and Turchiano, B. (2015). An integrated approach for warehouse analysis and optimisation: A case study. Computers in Industry, 70, 56-69.
17. Eisenhardt, K. M., (1989). Building theories from case study research. The academy of management review, 14(4), 532-550.
18. Filip, F. C., and Marascu-Klein, V. (2015). The 5S lean method as a tool of industrial management performances. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 95(1), 012127.
19. Franco-Silvera N., Abril V., Juan C.Q., (2023). Warehouse management model under the lean warehousing approach to Increase the order Fill Rate in glass marketing SMEs. ICIBE 2023 Sep 22, 2024. Beijing, China.
20. Frappier D., Singh, H., Singh, K., and Vardhan, S., (2023). A comprehensive review of lean warehousing design methodologies. 147-154.
21. Frazelle, E., (2016). Supply chain strategy: unleash the power of business integration to maximise financial, service, and operations performance. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
22. Galindo-Alvarez, K., Trigueros-Evaristo R., Quiroz-Flores J, Collao-Díaz M., and Alberto Flores-Perez A., (2023). Inventory management model integrating lean and fld to increase service level in an automotive retail: an empirical research in Peru. International Journal of Modelling and Optimisation, 13(3), 72-76.
23. Garavito-Bejarano A., Villegas-Jara C., Quiroz-Florez J., (2023). Warehouse management model on lean warehousing to improve perfect order fulfilments in pharmaceutical warehouse. 21st LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: Hybrid Event, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2023.
24. Gu, J., Goetschalckx, M. and McGinnis, L.F., (2021). Research on warehouse operation: a comprehensive review, European Journal of Operational Research, 293(1), 1-16.
25. Guo, M. (2018). VSM analysis of allied bakeries white and wholemeal mixed loaf. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 127-131. doi:10.1145/3285957.3285991
26. Harun M.F., Habidin N.F., Latip N.A.M., (2019). 5 s lean tool, value stream mapping and warehouse performance: conceptual framework. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(3), 605-607.
27. Hompel, M.T. and Schmidt T., (2007). Warehouse Management. Automation and Organisation of Warehouse Order Picking System. Springer, pp.63-64.
28. Martins, R., Pereira, M.T., Ferreira, L.P., Sá, J.C., Silva, F.J.G. (2020). Warehouse operations logistics improvement in a cork stopper factory. Procedia Manufacturing, 51, 1723-1729.
29. Matzka, J.M, (2012). Buffer sizing of a heijunka kanban system, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 23(1), 49–60.
30. Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M. and Saldaña, J., (2020). Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook. 4th Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
31. MOF, (2023). Malaysian budget 2023: updates on economic and fiscal outlook and revenue estimates 2023. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd.
32. Mohamad E. and Sulaiman A., (2016). Simulation-based approach to lean manufacturing, Malaysia: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
33. Mohamud I.H., Kafi M.A., Shahron S.A., Zainuddin N., Musa S., (2023). The role of warehouse layout and operations in warehouse efficiency: a literature review. Journal Europeen des Systemes Automatise, 56(1),61-68
34. Mor R.S., Bhardwaj A., Kharka V. and Kharub M., (2021). Spare parts inventory management in the warehouse: a lean approach, International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Production Research, 32(2), 1-11.
35. Myerson, P. (2012). Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
36. Nachrul, M.I., Endang P.W., Winursito Y.C., (2024). Implementation of Lean Warehouse to Improve The Performance of Warehouse Activities at PT. ABC. Indonesian Journal of Computer Science. 13(1), pp.770-782.
37. Nallusamy S., Balaji R., Sundar S., (2017). Proposed model for inventory review policy through abc analysis in an automotive manufacturing industry, International Journal Eng Res. Africa, 29,165-174.
38. Ohno T., (1988). Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production, English translation. Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.
39. Pinto, C.M., Mendonça, J., Babo, L., Silva, F.J., Fernandes, J.L., (2022). Analysing the implementation of lean methodologies and practices in the portuguese industry: a survey, Sustainability 2022, 14,1929.
40. Poswa, F., Adenuga O.T., Mpofu K., (2022). Productivity improvement using simulated value stream mapping: a case study of the truck manufacturing industry. Processes 2022, 10,1884.
41. Prasetyawan, Y., and Ibrahim, N.G., (2020). Warehouse improvement evaluation using lean warehousing approach and linear programming. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 847,1-8.
42. Proenca, A.P., Gaspar, P.D., Lima, T.M., (2022). Lean optimisation techniques for improvement of production flows and logistics management: the case study of a fruits distribution center, Processes 2022, 10,1384.
43. Puvenesvary M., Radziah A.R., Naidu S.S., Mastura B., N Fadhilah M.N., N Hasima A.A., (2011). Qualitative research: data collection and data analysis techniques. Universiti Utara Malaysia Press. Sintok, Malaysia.
44. Raghuram P. and Arjunan M.K., (2021). Design framework for a lean warehouse – a case study based approach, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(6), 2410-2431.
45. Rahman N.A., Sharif SM, Esa M.M., (2013). Lean manufacturing case study with kanban system implementation, Procedia Economy Finance, 7, 174–180.
46. Rebollar K., Zamalloa A., and Quiroz-Flores J.C., (2023). Increased on-time in-full orders rate in a mass consumption warehouse by applying lean warehouse tools: a case study. 21st LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 17 - 21 July 2023.
47. Richards, G. (2018). Warehouse management. A complete guide to improving efficiency and minimising costs in the modern warehouse. London: Kogan Page Limited.
48. Rouwenhorst, B., Reuter, B., Stockrahm, V., van Houtum, G.J., Mantel, R.J. and Zijm, W.H.M., (2020). Warehouse design and control: framework and literature review, European Journal of Operational Research, 283(1), 489-508.
49. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker P., (2022). The handbook of logistics and distribution management: understanding the supply chain. 7th Edition. London, U.K.: KoganPage.
50. Samanta, P. (2015). Introduction to inventory management. [online] Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317970709 [Access on 19 Mei 2024]
51. Sarjiman Y., Lazim H.M., Lamsali H., (2023). A lean management approach of rice subsidy distribution: some findings from a study in selangor, International Journal of Professional Bussiness Review, Miami, 8(1), pp. 01-22.
52. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A., (2019). Research methods for business students. 8th Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education.
53. Serna-Ampuero M.A., Arias-Navarro M., and Quiroz-Flores J.C., (2022). Inventory management model under the lean warehousing approach to reduce the rate of returns in sme distributors. In 2022 The 8th International Conference on Industrial and Business Engineering (ICIBE 2022), September 27–29, 2022, Macau, China.
54. Sharma, S. and Shah, B., (2018). Application of lean principles in a warehouse environment: A case study', International Conference on Agile Manufacturing (ICAM 2018),111-116.
55. Silverman, D, (2001). Doing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications.
56. Tahboub, K.K., Salhieh, L., (2019). warehouse waste reduction level and its impact on warehouse and business performance. Industrial System Engineering Review, 7(2),85–101.
57. Torres-Paredes C., Rivera-Gonza D., Foleres-Perez A., (2022). Warehouse management model based on lean warehousing tools to improve order management using 5S tools, ABC Clasification and SLP, 2022 Congreso Internacional de Innovacion y Tendencias en Ingenierie, IEEE.
58. Vasquez-Quispe M., Calcina-Flores A., Quiroz-Flores J.C., and Collao-Diaz M., (2023). Implementing lean warehousing model to increase on time and in full of an SME commercial company: A research in Perú. In 2023 The 10th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA-EU 2023), 09–11 January, 2023, Rome, Italy. New York, NY, USA.
59. Wang S., Tang, J., Zou Y., and Zhou Q., (2019). Research on production process optimisation of precast concrete component factory based on value stream mapping, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(4), 850-871.
60. Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T., (2003). Lean thinking: Banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. 2nd Ed. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc.

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How to cite

Osman, M. K., Mohamad, E., Kamarudin, N., & Rahman, A. A. (2024). Warehouse operations optimisation through the implementation of lean methodology: A comprehensive review . Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(4), e2025110. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025110

[1] Abhishek, P.G., and Pratap, M., (2020). Achieving lean warehousing through value stream mapping. South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases. 9, 387-401.

[2] Alhuraish I., Robledo C., Kobi, A., (2016). Impacts of lean manufacturing and six sigma, proceedings of the 22nd issat international conference on reliability and quality in design, 4-6 August 2016, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A

[3] Ambrosio, D., Freitas, M., Marins, F.A.S. and Caruso, M.O.S., (2022). A review on warehouse design and operations: flows, processes, and best practices, Sustainability, 14(12), 7429.

[4] Andelkovic, A., Radosavljević, M. Stosic, P.D., (2016). Effects of lean tools in achieving lean warehousing. Economic themes, 54(4): 517-534.

[5] Baby, B., Prasanth, N., and Jebadurai, D.S., (2018). Implementation of lean principles to improve the operations of a sales warehouse in the manufacturing industry, International Journal of Technology, 9(1), 46-54.

[6] Bonilla-Ramirez K.A., Marcos-Palacios P., Quiroz-Flores J.C., Ramos-Palomino E.D., Alvarez-Merino J.C., 2019. Implementation of Lean Warehousing to Reduce the Level of Returns in a Distribution Company, Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE IEEM.

[7] Bowersox, D. J., Closs, D.J., Cooper, M.B., and Bowersox, J.C., (2013). Supply chain logistics management, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill International Edition.

[8] Braun, V. and Clarke, V., (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology, qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

[9] Buba, M.G., Das, D.P., Ghadai, S.K., Bajpai, A. (2019). The effect of integrated warehouse operation efficiency on organisations performance. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2): 1664-1668.

[10] Christiansen, H., (2015). Effective warehouse management using lean and six sigma. Faculty of science and technology of university of stavanger. Dusavik, Stavanger.

[11] Coronel-Vasquez J.R., Huamani-Lara D.L., Flores-Perez A.E., Quiroz-Flores J.C., Collao-Diaz M.F., (2022). Logistics management model to reduce nonconforming orders through lean warehouse and JIT: a case of study in textile SMEs in Peru, ICIEA-2022- Europe, 12-14 January 2022, Barcelona, Spain.

[12] Creswell J.W. and Creswell J.D., (2023). Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. 6th Ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc.

[13] Cruz, H., Altamirano, E. and Carpio C., (2020). Lean model to reduce picking time delays through Heijunka, Kanban, 5S And JIT In the Construction Sector. 18th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology, Virtual, 27-31 July 2020.

[14] De Jesus Pacheco D.A. Calusen D.M. and Bumann J., (2022). A multimethod approach for reducing operational wastes in distribution warehouses. International Journal of Production Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108705.

[15] De Oliveira, A.V., Pimentel, C.M.O., Godina, R., Matias, J.C.d.O., Garrido, S.M.P., (2022). Improvement of the logistics flows in the receiving process of a warehouse. Logistics 2022, 6, (22).

[16] Dotoli, M., Epicoco, N., Falagario, M., Costantino, N., and Turchiano, B. (2015). An integrated approach for warehouse analysis and optimisation: A case study. Computers in Industry, 70, 56-69.

[17] Eisenhardt, K. M., (1989). Building theories from case study research. The academy of management review, 14(4), 532-550.

[18] Filip, F. C., and Marascu-Klein, V. (2015). The 5S lean method as a tool of industrial management performances. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 95(1), 012127.

[19] Franco-Silvera N., Abril V., Juan C.Q., (2023). Warehouse management model under the lean warehousing approach to Increase the order Fill Rate in glass marketing SMEs. ICIBE 2023 Sep 22, 2024. Beijing, China.

[20] Frappier D., Singh, H., Singh, K., and Vardhan, S., (2023). A comprehensive review of lean warehousing design methodologies. 147-154.

[21] Frazelle, E., (2016). Supply chain strategy: unleash the power of business integration to maximise financial, service, and operations performance. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

[22] Galindo-Alvarez, K., Trigueros-Evaristo R., Quiroz-Flores J, Collao-Díaz M., and Alberto Flores-Perez A., (2023). Inventory management model integrating lean and fld to increase service level in an automotive retail: an empirical research in Peru. International Journal of Modelling and Optimisation, 13(3), 72-76.

[23] Garavito-Bejarano A., Villegas-Jara C., Quiroz-Florez J., (2023). Warehouse management model on lean warehousing to improve perfect order fulfilments in pharmaceutical warehouse. 21st LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: Hybrid Event, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2023.

[24] Gu, J., Goetschalckx, M. and McGinnis, L.F., (2021). Research on warehouse operation: a comprehensive review, European Journal of Operational Research, 293(1), 1-16.

[25] Guo, M. (2018). VSM analysis of allied bakeries white and wholemeal mixed loaf. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 127-131. doi:10.1145/3285957.3285991

[26] Harun M.F., Habidin N.F., Latip N.A.M., (2019). 5 s lean tool, value stream mapping and warehouse performance: conceptual framework. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(3), 605-607.

[27] Hompel, M.T. and Schmidt T., (2007). Warehouse Management. Automation and Organisation of Warehouse Order Picking System. Springer, pp.63-64.

[28] Martins, R., Pereira, M.T., Ferreira, L.P., Sá, J.C., Silva, F.J.G. (2020). Warehouse operations logistics improvement in a cork stopper factory. Procedia Manufacturing, 51, 1723-1729.

[29] Matzka, J.M, (2012). Buffer sizing of a heijunka kanban system, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 23(1), 49–60.

[30] Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M. and Saldaña, J., (2020). Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook. 4th Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

[31] MOF, (2023). Malaysian budget 2023: updates on economic and fiscal outlook and revenue estimates 2023. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd.

[32] Mohamad E. and Sulaiman A., (2016). Simulation-based approach to lean manufacturing, Malaysia: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

[33] Mohamud I.H., Kafi M.A., Shahron S.A., Zainuddin N., Musa S., (2023). The role of warehouse layout and operations in warehouse efficiency: a literature review. Journal Europeen des Systemes Automatise, 56(1),61-68

[34] Mor R.S., Bhardwaj A., Kharka V. and Kharub M., (2021). Spare parts inventory management in the warehouse: a lean approach, International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Production Research, 32(2), 1-11.

[35] Myerson, P. (2012). Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

[36] Nachrul, M.I., Endang P.W., Winursito Y.C., (2024). Implementation of Lean Warehouse to Improve The Performance of Warehouse Activities at PT. ABC. Indonesian Journal of Computer Science. 13(1), pp.770-782.

[37] Nallusamy S., Balaji R., Sundar S., (2017). Proposed model for inventory review policy through abc analysis in an automotive manufacturing industry, International Journal Eng Res. Africa, 29,165-174.

[38] Ohno T., (1988). Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production, English translation. Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.

[39] Pinto, C.M., Mendonça, J., Babo, L., Silva, F.J., Fernandes, J.L., (2022). Analysing the implementation of lean methodologies and practices in the portuguese industry: a survey, Sustainability 2022, 14,1929.

[40] Poswa, F., Adenuga O.T., Mpofu K., (2022). Productivity improvement using simulated value stream mapping: a case study of the truck manufacturing industry. Processes 2022, 10,1884.

[41] Prasetyawan, Y., and Ibrahim, N.G., (2020). Warehouse improvement evaluation using lean warehousing approach and linear programming. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 847,1-8.

[42] Proenca, A.P., Gaspar, P.D., Lima, T.M., (2022). Lean optimisation techniques for improvement of production flows and logistics management: the case study of a fruits distribution center, Processes 2022, 10,1384.

[43] Puvenesvary M., Radziah A.R., Naidu S.S., Mastura B., N Fadhilah M.N., N Hasima A.A., (2011). Qualitative research: data collection and data analysis techniques. Universiti Utara Malaysia Press. Sintok, Malaysia.

[44] Raghuram P. and Arjunan M.K., (2021). Design framework for a lean warehouse – a case study based approach, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(6), 2410-2431.

[45] Rahman N.A., Sharif SM, Esa M.M., (2013). Lean manufacturing case study with kanban system implementation, Procedia Economy Finance, 7, 174–180.

[46] Rebollar K., Zamalloa A., and Quiroz-Flores J.C., (2023). Increased on-time in-full orders rate in a mass consumption warehouse by applying lean warehouse tools: a case study. 21st LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 17 - 21 July 2023.

[47] Richards, G. (2018). Warehouse management. A complete guide to improving efficiency and minimising costs in the modern warehouse. London: Kogan Page Limited.

[48] Rouwenhorst, B., Reuter, B., Stockrahm, V., van Houtum, G.J., Mantel, R.J. and Zijm, W.H.M., (2020). Warehouse design and control: framework and literature review, European Journal of Operational Research, 283(1), 489-508.

[49] Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker P., (2022). The handbook of logistics and distribution management: understanding the supply chain. 7th Edition. London, U.K.: KoganPage.

[50] Samanta, P. (2015). Introduction to inventory management. [online] Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317970709 [Access on 19 Mei 2024]

[51] Sarjiman Y., Lazim H.M., Lamsali H., (2023). A lean management approach of rice subsidy distribution: some findings from a study in selangor, International Journal of Professional Bussiness Review, Miami, 8(1), pp. 01-22.

[52] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A., (2019). Research methods for business students. 8th Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education.

[53] Serna-Ampuero M.A., Arias-Navarro M., and Quiroz-Flores J.C., (2022). Inventory management model under the lean warehousing approach to reduce the rate of returns in sme distributors. In 2022 The 8th International Conference on Industrial and Business Engineering (ICIBE 2022), September 27–29, 2022, Macau, China.

[54] Sharma, S. and Shah, B., (2018). Application of lean principles in a warehouse environment: A case study', International Conference on Agile Manufacturing (ICAM 2018),111-116.

[55] Silverman, D, (2001). Doing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications.

[56] Tahboub, K.K., Salhieh, L., (2019). warehouse waste reduction level and its impact on warehouse and business performance. Industrial System Engineering Review, 7(2),85–101.

[57] Torres-Paredes C., Rivera-Gonza D., Foleres-Perez A., (2022). Warehouse management model based on lean warehousing tools to improve order management using 5S tools, ABC Clasification and SLP, 2022 Congreso Internacional de Innovacion y Tendencias en Ingenierie, IEEE.

[58] Vasquez-Quispe M., Calcina-Flores A., Quiroz-Flores J.C., and Collao-Diaz M., (2023). Implementing lean warehousing model to increase on time and in full of an SME commercial company: A research in Perú. In 2023 The 10th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA-EU 2023), 09–11 January, 2023, Rome, Italy. New York, NY, USA.

[59] Wang S., Tang, J., Zou Y., and Zhou Q., (2019). Research on production process optimisation of precast concrete component factory based on value stream mapping, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(4), 850-871.

[60] Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T., (2003). Lean thinking: Banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. 2nd Ed. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc.

Abstract

References

How to cite