Glutathione: A miraculous wonder drug and its implications in obstetrics and gynaecology

Dhruva Halani

Keywords:

GLUTATHIONE

Reactive Oxygen Species

antioxidant

oxidative stress

Abstract

Glutathione (GSH), a critical antioxidant, plays an essential role in maintaining cellular redox balance and overall health. This review synthesizes data from major research databases, meta-analysis including PubMed and Scopus, to explore GSH’s involvement in reproductive health, focusing on endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and infertility. The review underscores that dysregulation of GSH contributes to increased oxidative stress and disrupted redox homeostasis, which are pivotal in the pathogenesis of these conditions. In endometriosis, GSH’s antioxidant properties may help mitigate inflammatory responses and cellular damage. In PCOS, GSH is crucial for managing oxidative stress related to metabolic and hormonal disturbances. For infertility, GSH affects oocyte quality, sperm function, and reproductive success. Given the rising prevalence of these reproductive disorders and their profound impact on quality of life, addressing GSH levels has become increasingly important. The need for novel therapeutic strategies to restore optimal GSH levels is pressing, as they could offer significant improvements in disease management and reproductive health outcomes. This review highlights the critical role of GSH in these contexts and advocates for continued research to leverage GSH-related interventions for better health outcomes.
References
1. Franco R., Schoneveld O.J., Pappa A., Panayiotidis M.I. The central role of glutathione in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2007;113:234–258. doi: 10.1080/13813450701661198.
2. Wu G., Fang Y.Z., Yang S., Lupton J.R., Turner N.D. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J. Nutr. 2004;134:489–492. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.3.489.
3. Pizzorno J. Glutathione! Integr Med (Encinitas). 2014 Feb;13(1):8-12. PMID: 26770075; PMCID: PMC4684116.
4. Lang C.A., Mills B.J., Lang H.L., Liu M.C., Usui W.M., Richie J., Jr., Mastropaolo W., Murrell S.A. High blood glutathione levels accompany excellent physical and mental health in women ages 60 to 103 years. J Lab. Clin. Med. 2002;140:413–417. doi: 10.1067/mlc.2002.129504.
5. Richie J.P., Jr., Nichenametla S., Neidig W., Calcagnotto A., Haley J.S., Schell T.D., Muscat J.E. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. Eur. J. Nutr. 2015;54:251–263. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z.
6. Martínez Alvarez JR, Bellés VV, López-Jaén AB, Marín AV, Codoñer-Franch P. Effects of alcohol-free beer on lipid profile and parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in elderly women. Nutrition. 2009;25(2):182–187.
7. Li N, Jia X, Chen CY, et al. Almond consumption reduces oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in male smokers. J Nutr. 2007;137(12):2717–2722.
8. Sharma H, Datta P, Singh A, et al. Gene expression profiling in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(2):213–218.
9. Buhl R, Vogelmeier C, Critenden M, et al. Augmentation of glutathione in the fluid lining the epithelium of the lower respiratory tract by directly administering glutathione aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(11):4063–4067.
10. Allen J, Bradley RD. Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in human volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(9):827–833.
11. Marí M, Morales A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial glutathione, a key survival antioxidant. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Nov;11(11):2685-700. doi: 10.1089/ARS.2009.2695. PMID: 19558212; PMCID: PMC2821140.
12. Kwon DH, Cha HJ, Lee H, Hong SH, Park C, Park SH, Kim GY, Kim S, Kim HS, Hwang HJ, Choi YH. Protective Effect of Glutathione against Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 Macrophages through Activating the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Apr 1;8(4):82. doi: 10.3390/antiox8040082. PMID: 30939721; PMCID: PMC6523540.
13. Moloney J.N., Cotter T.G. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Volume 80. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2018. ROS signalling in the biology of cancer; pp. 50–64.
14. Pizzino G., Irrera N., Cucinotta M., Pallio G., Mannino F., Arcoraci V., Squadrito F., Altavilla D., Bitto A. Oxidative stress: Harms and benefits for human health. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017;2017:8416763. doi: 10.1155/2017/8416763.
15. Rigoulet M., Yoboue E.D., Devin A. Mitochondrial ROS generation and its regulation: Mechanisms involved in H2O2 signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011;14:459–468. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3363.
16. Lyublinskaya O.G., Ivanova J.S., Pugovkina N.A., Kozhukharova I.V., Kovaleva Z.V., Shatrova A.N., Aksenov N.D., Zenin V.V., Kaulin Y.A., Gamaley I.A., et al. Redox environment in stem and differentiated cells: A quantitative approach. Redox Biol. 2017;12:758–769. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.016.
17. Adeoye O, Olawumi J, Opeyemi A, Christiania O. Review on the role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2018 Mar 1;22(1):61-66. doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180003. PMID: 29266896; PMCID: PMC5844662.
18. Krzyściak W, Papież M, Bąk E, Morava E, Krzyściak P, Ligęzka A, Gniadek A, Vyhouskaya P, Janeczko J. Sperm Antioxidant Biomarkers and Their Correlation with Clinical Condition and Lifestyle with Regard to Male Reproductive Potential. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 8;9(6):1785. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061785. PMID: 32521761; PMCID: PMC7355971.
19. Yao DF, Mills JN. Male infertility: lifestyle factors and holistic, complementary, and alternative therapies. Asian J Androl. 2016 May-Jun;18(3):410-8. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.175779. PMID: 26952957; PMCID: PMC4854092.
20. Agarwal A, Parekh N, Panner Selvam MK, Henkel R, Shah R, Homa ST, Ramasamy R, Ko E, Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI): Proposed Terminology and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Male Infertility. World J Mens Health. 2019 Sep;37(3):296-312. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.190055. Epub 2019 May 28. PMID: 31081299; PMCID: PMC6704307.
21. Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Gandini L, Culasso F, Dondero F. Glutathione therapy for male infertility. Arch Androl. 1992 Jul-Aug;29(1):65-8. doi: 10.3109/01485019208987710. PMID: 1503526.
22. Sinha A, Gupta S. The Role of Antioxidant Supplementation in Male Infertility. 2018.
23. Bayram H, Donmez Cakil Y, Sitar ME, Demirel G, Selam B, Cincik M. The Effects of Glutathione on Clinically Essential Fertility Parameters in a Bleomycin Etoposide Cisplatin Chemotherapy Model. Life. 2023; 13(3):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030815
24. Ting-xi HU, Hua-bin ZHU, Wei-jun SUN, Hai-sheng HAO, Xue-ming ZHAO, Wei-hua DU, Zong-li WANG, Sperm pretreatment with glutathione improves IVF embryos development through increasing the viability and antioxidative capacity of sex-sorted and unsorted bull semen, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Volume 15, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 2326-2335, ISSN 2095-3119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61402-8.
25. Agarwal, A., Aponte-Mellado, A., Premkumar, B.J. et al. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 10, 49 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-10-49
26. James J. Salmen, Frank Skufca, Ani Matt, Gene Gushansky, Amy Mason, Catherine S. Gardiner, Role of Glutathione in Reproductive Tract Secretions on Mouse Preimplantation Embryo Development, Biology of Reproduction, Volume 73, Issue 2, 1 August 2005, Pages 308–314, https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.038307
27. Prasad, S., Tiwari, M., Pandey, A.N. et al. Impact of stress on oocyte quality and reproductive outcome. J Biomed Sci 23, 36 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-016-0253-4
28. Chao HT, Lee SY, Lee HM, Liao TL, Wei YH, Kao SH. Repeated ovarian stimulations induce oxidative damage and mitochondrial DNA mutations in mouse ovaries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 May;1042:148-56. doi: 10.1196/annals.1338.016. PMID: 15965057.
29. Mandal, Pravat K. et al. ‘Cognitive Improvement with Glutathione Supplement in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Way Forward’. 1 Jan. 2019 : 531 – 535.
30. Liu H , Wang H , Shenvi S , Hagen TM , Liu RM ((2004) ) Glutathione metabolism during aging and in Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019: , 346–349.
31. Venkateshappa C , Harish G , Mahadevan A , Srinivas Bharath MM , Shankar SK ((2012) ) Elevated oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant function in the human hippocampus and frontal cortex with increasing age: Implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res 37: , 1601–1614.
32. Mier-Cabrera, J., Aburto-Soto, T., Burrola-Méndez, S. et al. Women with endometriosis improved their peripheral antioxidant markers after the application of a high antioxidant diet. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 7, 54 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-7-54
33. Ekarattanawong S, Tanprasertkul C, Somprasit C, Chamod P, Tiengtip R, Bhamarapravatana K, Suwannarurk K. Possibility of using superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as endometriosis biomarkers. Int J Womens Health. 2017 Sep 27;9:711-716. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S141021. PMID: 29026339; PMCID: PMC5627733.
34. Hirotaka Ota, M.D.,a Shinichi Igarashi, M.D.,b Naoko Kato, M.D.,a and Toshinobu Tanaka, M.D.a Akita University School of Medicine, Akita-city, and Koto General Hospital, Hachirogata, Japan https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(00)00638-5/pdf
35. Enechukwu CI, Onuegbu AJ, Olisekodiaka MJ, Eleje GU, Ikechebelu JI, Ugboaja JO, Amah UK, Okwara JE, Igwegbe AO. Oxidative stress markers and lipid profiles of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2019 Sep;62(5):335-343. doi: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.5.335. Epub 2019 Aug 6. PMID: 31538077; PMCID: PMC6737061.
36. Liu Y, Yu Z, Zhao S, Cheng L, Man Y, Gao X, Zhao H. Oxidative stress markers in the follicular fluid of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome correlate with a decrease in embryo quality. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021 Feb;38(2):471-477. doi: 10.1007/s10815-020-02014-y. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33216309; PMCID: PMC7884504.
37. Mostajeran F, Tehrani HG, Rahbary B. N-Acetylcysteine as an Adjuvant to Letrozole for Induction of Ovulation in Infertile Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Adv Biomed Res. 2018 Jun 25;7:100. doi: 10.4103/abr.abr_157_17. PMID: 30050888; PMCID: PMC6036781.
38. Howard JM, Davies S, Hunnisett A. Red cell magnesium and glutathione peroxidase in infertile women--effects of oral supplementation with magnesium and selenium. Magnes Res. 1994 Mar;7(1):49-57. PMID: 8054261.
39. Rai T, Khatoon F, Nishad S, et al. Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Unexplained Infertility. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2023;15(2):211–216.
40. Danail I. Martinov, Nina P. Ayvazova, Emiliana I. Konova1, Milena A. Atanasova, “Glutathione Content And Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Of Sperm In Males With Unexplained Infertility”, : May 27, 2021 doi- 10.2478/jbcr-2021-0006
41. Peng X, Lin Y, Li J, Liu M, Wang J, Li X, Liu J, Jia X, Jing Z, Huang Z, Chu K, Liu S. Evaluation of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 role in Preeclampsia. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 19;6:33300. doi: 10.1038/srep33300. PMID: 27641822; PMCID: PMC5027559.
42. Malinova M, Paskaleva V. [Selenium and glutathione peroxidase in patients with preeclampsia]. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2013;52(5):3-7. Bulgarian. PMID: 24501861.
43. Funai, E. F., A. MacKenzie, S. S. Kadner, H. Roque, M.-J. Lee, and E. Kuczynski. “Glutathione Peroxidase Levels throughout Normal Pregnancy and in Pre-Eclampsia.” The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 12, no. 5 (2002): 322–26. doi:10.1080/jmf.12.5.322.326.
44. Shallie PD, Sulaiman AI, Oladejo MK, Shallie OF, Naicker T. Early glutathione intervention educed positive correlation between VGLUT1 expression and spatial memory in the Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl rat model of IUGR. IBRO Neurosci Rep. 2021 Feb 9;10:136-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.02.003. PMID: 34179867; PMCID: PMC8211915.
45. Wenliang He, Erin A Posey, Chandler C Steele, Jeffrey W Savell, Fuller W Bazer, Guoyao Wu, Dietary glycine supplementation enhances glutathione availability in tissues of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 102, 2024, skae025, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae025

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How to cite

Halani, D. (2024). Glutathione: A miraculous wonder drug and its implications in obstetrics and gynaecology. Multidisciplinary Reviews, (| Accepted Articles). Retrieved from https://malque.pub/ojs/index.php/mr/article/view/5308

[1] Franco R., Schoneveld O.J., Pappa A., Panayiotidis M.I. The central role of glutathione in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2007;113:234–258. doi: 10.1080/13813450701661198.

[2] Wu G., Fang Y.Z., Yang S., Lupton J.R., Turner N.D. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J. Nutr. 2004;134:489–492. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.3.489.

[3] Pizzorno J. Glutathione! Integr Med (Encinitas). 2014 Feb;13(1):8-12. PMID: 26770075; PMCID: PMC4684116.

[4] Lang C.A., Mills B.J., Lang H.L., Liu M.C., Usui W.M., Richie J., Jr., Mastropaolo W., Murrell S.A. High blood glutathione levels accompany excellent physical and mental health in women ages 60 to 103 years. J Lab. Clin. Med. 2002;140:413–417. doi: 10.1067/mlc.2002.129504.

[5] Richie J.P., Jr., Nichenametla S., Neidig W., Calcagnotto A., Haley J.S., Schell T.D., Muscat J.E. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. Eur. J. Nutr. 2015;54:251–263. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z.

[6] Martínez Alvarez JR, Bellés VV, López-Jaén AB, Marín AV, Codoñer-Franch P. Effects of alcohol-free beer on lipid profile and parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in elderly women. Nutrition. 2009;25(2):182–187.

[7] Li N, Jia X, Chen CY, et al. Almond consumption reduces oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in male smokers. J Nutr. 2007;137(12):2717–2722.

[8] Sharma H, Datta P, Singh A, et al. Gene expression profiling in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(2):213–218.

[9] Buhl R, Vogelmeier C, Critenden M, et al. Augmentation of glutathione in the fluid lining the epithelium of the lower respiratory tract by directly administering glutathione aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(11):4063–4067.

[10] Allen J, Bradley RD. Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in human volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(9):827–833.

[11] Marí M, Morales A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial glutathione, a key survival antioxidant. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Nov;11(11):2685-700. doi: 10.1089/ARS.2009.2695. PMID: 19558212; PMCID: PMC2821140.

[12] Kwon DH, Cha HJ, Lee H, Hong SH, Park C, Park SH, Kim GY, Kim S, Kim HS, Hwang HJ, Choi YH. Protective Effect of Glutathione against Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 Macrophages through Activating the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Apr 1;8(4):82. doi: 10.3390/antiox8040082. PMID: 30939721; PMCID: PMC6523540.

[13] Moloney J.N., Cotter T.G. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Volume 80. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2018. ROS signalling in the biology of cancer; pp. 50–64.

[14] Pizzino G., Irrera N., Cucinotta M., Pallio G., Mannino F., Arcoraci V., Squadrito F., Altavilla D., Bitto A. Oxidative stress: Harms and benefits for human health. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017;2017:8416763. doi: 10.1155/2017/8416763.

[15] Rigoulet M., Yoboue E.D., Devin A. Mitochondrial ROS generation and its regulation: Mechanisms involved in H2O2 signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011;14:459–468. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3363.

[16] Lyublinskaya O.G., Ivanova J.S., Pugovkina N.A., Kozhukharova I.V., Kovaleva Z.V., Shatrova A.N., Aksenov N.D., Zenin V.V., Kaulin Y.A., Gamaley I.A., et al. Redox environment in stem and differentiated cells: A quantitative approach. Redox Biol. 2017;12:758–769. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.016.

[17] Adeoye O, Olawumi J, Opeyemi A, Christiania O. Review on the role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2018 Mar 1;22(1):61-66. doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180003. PMID: 29266896; PMCID: PMC5844662.

[18] Krzyściak W, Papież M, Bąk E, Morava E, Krzyściak P, Ligęzka A, Gniadek A, Vyhouskaya P, Janeczko J. Sperm Antioxidant Biomarkers and Their Correlation with Clinical Condition and Lifestyle with Regard to Male Reproductive Potential. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 8;9(6):1785. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061785. PMID: 32521761; PMCID: PMC7355971.

[19] Yao DF, Mills JN. Male infertility: lifestyle factors and holistic, complementary, and alternative therapies. Asian J Androl. 2016 May-Jun;18(3):410-8. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.175779. PMID: 26952957; PMCID: PMC4854092.

[20] Agarwal A, Parekh N, Panner Selvam MK, Henkel R, Shah R, Homa ST, Ramasamy R, Ko E, Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI): Proposed Terminology and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Male Infertility. World J Mens Health. 2019 Sep;37(3):296-312. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.190055. Epub 2019 May 28. PMID: 31081299; PMCID: PMC6704307.

[21] Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Gandini L, Culasso F, Dondero F. Glutathione therapy for male infertility. Arch Androl. 1992 Jul-Aug;29(1):65-8. doi: 10.3109/01485019208987710. PMID: 1503526.

[22] Sinha A, Gupta S. The Role of Antioxidant Supplementation in Male Infertility. 2018.

[23] Bayram H, Donmez Cakil Y, Sitar ME, Demirel G, Selam B, Cincik M. The Effects of Glutathione on Clinically Essential Fertility Parameters in a Bleomycin Etoposide Cisplatin Chemotherapy Model. Life. 2023; 13(3):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030815

[24] Ting-xi HU, Hua-bin ZHU, Wei-jun SUN, Hai-sheng HAO, Xue-ming ZHAO, Wei-hua DU, Zong-li WANG, Sperm pretreatment with glutathione improves IVF embryos development through increasing the viability and antioxidative capacity of sex-sorted and unsorted bull semen, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Volume 15, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 2326-2335, ISSN 2095-3119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61402-8.

[25] Agarwal, A., Aponte-Mellado, A., Premkumar, B.J. et al. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 10, 49 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-10-49

[26] James J. Salmen, Frank Skufca, Ani Matt, Gene Gushansky, Amy Mason, Catherine S. Gardiner, Role of Glutathione in Reproductive Tract Secretions on Mouse Preimplantation Embryo Development, Biology of Reproduction, Volume 73, Issue 2, 1 August 2005, Pages 308–314, https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.038307

[27] Prasad, S., Tiwari, M., Pandey, A.N. et al. Impact of stress on oocyte quality and reproductive outcome. J Biomed Sci 23, 36 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-016-0253-4

[28] Chao HT, Lee SY, Lee HM, Liao TL, Wei YH, Kao SH. Repeated ovarian stimulations induce oxidative damage and mitochondrial DNA mutations in mouse ovaries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 May;1042:148-56. doi: 10.1196/annals.1338.016. PMID: 15965057.

[29] Mandal, Pravat K. et al. ‘Cognitive Improvement with Glutathione Supplement in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Way Forward’. 1 Jan. 2019 : 531 – 535.

[30] Liu H , Wang H , Shenvi S , Hagen TM , Liu RM ((2004) ) Glutathione metabolism during aging and in Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019: , 346–349.

[31] Venkateshappa C , Harish G , Mahadevan A , Srinivas Bharath MM , Shankar SK ((2012) ) Elevated oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant function in the human hippocampus and frontal cortex with increasing age: Implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res 37: , 1601–1614.

[32] Mier-Cabrera, J., Aburto-Soto, T., Burrola-Méndez, S. et al. Women with endometriosis improved their peripheral antioxidant markers after the application of a high antioxidant diet. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 7, 54 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-7-54

[33] Ekarattanawong S, Tanprasertkul C, Somprasit C, Chamod P, Tiengtip R, Bhamarapravatana K, Suwannarurk K. Possibility of using superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as endometriosis biomarkers. Int J Womens Health. 2017 Sep 27;9:711-716. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S141021. PMID: 29026339; PMCID: PMC5627733.

[34] Hirotaka Ota, M.D.,a Shinichi Igarashi, M.D.,b Naoko Kato, M.D.,a and Toshinobu Tanaka, M.D.a Akita University School of Medicine, Akita-city, and Koto General Hospital, Hachirogata, Japan https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(00)00638-5/pdf

[35] Enechukwu CI, Onuegbu AJ, Olisekodiaka MJ, Eleje GU, Ikechebelu JI, Ugboaja JO, Amah UK, Okwara JE, Igwegbe AO. Oxidative stress markers and lipid profiles of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2019 Sep;62(5):335-343. doi: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.5.335. Epub 2019 Aug 6. PMID: 31538077; PMCID: PMC6737061.

[36] Liu Y, Yu Z, Zhao S, Cheng L, Man Y, Gao X, Zhao H. Oxidative stress markers in the follicular fluid of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome correlate with a decrease in embryo quality. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021 Feb;38(2):471-477. doi: 10.1007/s10815-020-02014-y. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33216309; PMCID: PMC7884504.

[37] Mostajeran F, Tehrani HG, Rahbary B. N-Acetylcysteine as an Adjuvant to Letrozole for Induction of Ovulation in Infertile Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Adv Biomed Res. 2018 Jun 25;7:100. doi: 10.4103/abr.abr_157_17. PMID: 30050888; PMCID: PMC6036781.

[38] Howard JM, Davies S, Hunnisett A. Red cell magnesium and glutathione peroxidase in infertile women--effects of oral supplementation with magnesium and selenium. Magnes Res. 1994 Mar;7(1):49-57. PMID: 8054261.

[39] Rai T, Khatoon F, Nishad S, et al. Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Unexplained Infertility. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2023;15(2):211–216.

[40] Danail I. Martinov, Nina P. Ayvazova, Emiliana I. Konova1, Milena A. Atanasova, “Glutathione Content And Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Of Sperm In Males With Unexplained Infertility”, : May 27, 2021 doi- 10.2478/jbcr-2021-0006

[41] Peng X, Lin Y, Li J, Liu M, Wang J, Li X, Liu J, Jia X, Jing Z, Huang Z, Chu K, Liu S. Evaluation of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 role in Preeclampsia. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 19;6:33300. doi: 10.1038/srep33300. PMID: 27641822; PMCID: PMC5027559.

[42] Malinova M, Paskaleva V. [Selenium and glutathione peroxidase in patients with preeclampsia]. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2013;52(5):3-7. Bulgarian. PMID: 24501861.

[43] Funai, E. F., A. MacKenzie, S. S. Kadner, H. Roque, M.-J. Lee, and E. Kuczynski. “Glutathione Peroxidase Levels throughout Normal Pregnancy and in Pre-Eclampsia.” The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 12, no. 5 (2002): 322–26. doi:10.1080/jmf.12.5.322.326.

[44] Shallie PD, Sulaiman AI, Oladejo MK, Shallie OF, Naicker T. Early glutathione intervention educed positive correlation between VGLUT1 expression and spatial memory in the Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl rat model of IUGR. IBRO Neurosci Rep. 2021 Feb 9;10:136-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.02.003. PMID: 34179867; PMCID: PMC8211915.

[45] Wenliang He, Erin A Posey, Chandler C Steele, Jeffrey W Savell, Fuller W Bazer, Guoyao Wu, Dietary glycine supplementation enhances glutathione availability in tissues of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 102, 2024, skae025, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae025

Abstract

References

How to cite