An overview of how heat stress impacts dairy cattle fertility

Teshome Gemechu Chawicha; Yesihak Yusuf Mummed

doi:10.31893/multirev.2022014

Keywords:

Abstract

Heat stress disrupts dairy cattle fertility by disturbing reproductive tract activities, changing hormonal balance, lowering the quality of a cell in an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum, and consequently reducing embryo formation and survival. This review aimed to combine the earlier studies on how heat stress affects dairy cattle fertility. Any dairy herd's performance is affected by its fertility, which is one of the key factors. It is a broad term influenced by many factors, including genetics, food, hormones, pathophysiology, management, and climatic circumstances. The main natural physical environmental factors affecting dairy systems are air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed. These environmental factors combine to induce heat stress in animals, defined as any combination of environmental variables that causes the temperature to rise above the animal’s thermoneutral zone temperature range. Reduced or exaggerated release of these reproductive hormones can seriously affect the fertility of dairy cattle. Heat stress impact on dairy cattle fertility can be mitigated using relevant scientific procedures, such as physical environmental modifications, food management, and the genetic development of heat-resistant dairy cattle.
References
1. Abeni F, Galli A (2016) Monitoring cow activity and rumination time for an early de-tection of heat stress in dairy cow. Int. J. Biometeorol. 61:417–425.
2. Ahmed A, Tiwari1 RP, Mishra GK, Jena B, Dar MA, Bhat AA (2015) Effect of environmental heat stress on reproduction performance of dairy cows. International Journal of Livestock Research 5:10-18.
3. Alamer M (2011) The role of Prolactin in thermoregulation and water balance during heat stress in domestic animals. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6:1153-1169
4. Al-Dawood A (2017) Towards heat stress management in small ruminants – a review. Ann Anim Sci. 17:59–88.
5. Alejandro CI, Abel VM, Jaime OP, Pedro SA (2014) Environmental stress effect on animal reproduction. Advances in Dairy Research 2:1-4.
6. Al-Katanani YM, Paula-Lopes FF, Hansen PJ (2002) Effect of season and exposure to heat stress on oocyte competence in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85:390-396.
7. Amundson JL, Mader TL, Rasby RJ, Hu QS (2006) Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84:3415-3420.
8. Berman A (2006) Extending the potential of evaporative cooling for heat-stress relief. J Dairy Sci. 89:3817-3825.
9. Berman A (2011) Invited review: Are adaptations present to support dairy cattle productivity in warm climates? J Dairy Sci. 94:2147-2158.
10. Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Ronchi B, Nardone A (2010) Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. International Journal of Animal Bioscience 4:1167-1183.
11. Bridges PJ, Brusie MA, Fortune JE (2005) Elevated temperature (heat stress) in vitro reduces androstenedione and estradiol and increases progesterone secretion by follicular cells from bovine dominant follicles. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29:508-522.
12. Brown BM, Stallings JW, Clay JS, Rhoads ML (2016) Periconceptional Heat Stress of Holstein Dams Is Associated with Differences in Daughter Milk Production during Their First Lactation. PloS one 11:e0148234.
13. Calegari F, Calamari L, Frazzi E (2016) Cooling systems of the resting area in free stall dairy barn. Int J Biometeorol 60:605–14.
14. Cartmill JA, El-Zarkouny SZ, Hensley BA, Rozell TG, Smith JF, Stevenson JS (2001) An alternative AI breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to elevated ambient temperature before or after calving or both. J. Dairy Sci. 84:799–806.
15. Collier RJ, Dahl GE, VanBaale MJ (2006) Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89:1244-1253.
16. Dahl GE, Tao S, Monteiro APA (2016) Effects of late-gestation heat stress on immunity and performance of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 99:3193-3198.
17. Daramola JO, Abioja MO, Onagbesan OM (2012) Heat Stress Impact on Livestock Production. In: Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production, Sejian V, SMK Naqvi T, Ezeji J, Lakritz and R, Lal (Eds.). Springer, Germany, pp 53.
18. Dash S, Chakravarty AK, Singh A, Upadhyay A, Singh M, Yousuf S (2016) Effect of heat stress on reproductive performances of dairy cattle and buffaloes. Veterinary World 9:235-244.
19. De Rensis F, Scaramuzzi RJ (2003) Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow – a review. Theriogenology 60:1139-1151.
20. Demetrio DGB, Santos RM, Demetrio CGB, Vasconcelos JLM (2007) Factors affecting conception rates following artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90:5073-5082.
21. Dikmen S, Khan FA, Huson HJ, Sonstegard TS, Moss JI, Dahl GE, Hansen PJ (2014) The SLICK hair locus derived from Senepol cattle confers thermotolerance to intensively managed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97:5508-5520.
22. El-Tarabany MS, El-Tarabany AA (2015) Impact of thermal stress on the efficiency of ovulation synchronization protocols in Holstein cows. Animal Reproduction Science 160:138-145.
23. El-Wardani MA, El-Asheeri K (2000) Influence of season and number of heat checks on detecting of ovulatory estrus in Egyptian buffaloes. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 37:18-22.
24. Ferreira RM, Ayres H, Chiaratti MR, Ferraz ML, Araújo AB, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe YF, Vireque AA, Joaquim DC, Smith LC, Meirelles FV, Baruselli PS (2011) The low fertility of repeat-breeder cows during summer heat stress is related to a low oocyte competence to develop into blastocysts. J Dairy Sci 94:2383-2392.
25. Garcia-Ispierto FG, Lopez-Gatius P, Bech-Sabat G, Santolaria P, Yaniz JL, Nogareda C, De Rensis F, Lopez-Bejar M (2007) Climate factors affecting pregnancy rate of high-producing dairy cows in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 67:1379-1385.
26. García-Ispierto I, López-Gatius F, Santolaria P, Yániz JL, Nogareda C, López-Béjar M, De Rensis F (2006) Relationship between heat stress during the peri-implantation period and early fetal loss in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 65:799-807.
27. Gauly M, Bollwein H, Breves G, Brugemann K, Danicke S, Das G, Demeler J, Hansen H, Isselstein J, Knnig S, Loholter M, Martinsohn M, Meyer U, Potthoff M, Sanker C, Schroder B, Wrage N, Meibaum B (2013) Future consequences and challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate change in Central Europe. Animal 7:843-859.
28. Hackbart KS, Ferreira RM, Dietsche AA, Socha MT, Shaver RD, Wiltbank MC, Fricke PM (2010) Effect of dietary organic zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt supplementation on milk production, follicular growth, embryo quality, and tissue mineral concentrations in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 88:3856-3870.
29. Hahn GL, Mader, TL, Eigenberg RA (2003) Perspectives on development of thermal indices for animal studies and management. In: Proceeding Symposium. Interactions between Climate and Animal Production. EAAP Technical Series 7:31-44.
30. Hansen PJ (2013) Cellular and molecular basis of therapies to ameliorate effects of heat stress on embryonic development in cattle. Anim Reprod 10:322-333.
31. Hansen PJ (2009) Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364:3341-3350.
32. Hansen PJ (2007) To be or not to be, determinants of embryonic survival following heat shock. Theriogenology 68:S40-S48.
33. Jordan ER (2003) Effects of heat stress on reproduction. J Dairy Sci 86:E104-E114.
34. Kadokawa H, Sakatani M, Hansen PJ (2012) Perspectives on improvement of reproduction in cattle during heat stress in a future Japan. Animal Science Journal. 83:439-445.
35. Kaim M, Bloch A, Wolfenson D, Braw-Tal R, Rosenberg M, Voet H, Folman Y (2003) Effects of GnRH administered to cows at the onset of estrus on timing of ovulation, endocrine responses, and conception. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2012–2021. doi: 10.3168/jds. S0022-0302(03)73790-4
36. Katie Kelly, Donna M, Amaral-Phillips (2016) Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle Reproduction. College of Agriculture, food and environment cooperative Extension Service.
37. Larry E and Chase (2014) Climate Change Impacts on Dairy Cattle. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
38. Liu HC, Hu YH, Huang JF, Poivey JP, Rouvier R, Cheng YS (2013) Genetic parameters for the duration of fertility in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). In: Proceedings of the 5th World Waterfowl Conference; Hanoi, Vietnam. p. 50–53.
39. Lopez-Gatius F (2003) Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 60:89-99.
40. Masoumi R, Derensis F (2013) Alterations in reproductive hormones during heat stress in dairy cattle. African Journal of Biotechnology 10:5552-5558.
41. Mishra SR, Kundu AK, Mahapatra APK (2013) Effect of ambient temperature on membrane integrity of spermatozoa in different breeds of bulls. The Bioscan 8:181-183.
42. Moreira MK, Rodrigues SA (2015) Influence of seasonality on mammals' reproduction. Journal of Zoological Sciences 4:43-50.
43. Morrill K (2011) Heat stress-impact on lactating cattle. Cornell University Cooperative Extension. http://www.ccenny.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Heat-Stress-Part-impact-lactating-cows.pdf
44. Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Ranieri MS, Bernabucci U (2010) Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science 130:57-69.
45. Nguyen TTT, Bowman PJ, Haile-Mariam M, Pryce JE, Hayes BJ (2016) Genomic selection for tolerance to heat stress in Australian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 99:2849-2862.
46. Nichi M, Bols PEJ, Zuche RM, Barnabe VH, Goovaerts IGF, Barnabe RC, Cortada CMN (2006) Seasonal variation in semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos taurus bulls raised under tropical conditions. Theriogenology 66:822-828.
47. Ozawa M, Tabayashi D, Latief TA, Shimizu T, Oshima I, Kanai Y (2005) Alterations in follicular dynamics and steroidiogenic abilities induced by heat stress during follicular recruitment in goats. Reproduction 129:621-630
48. Pinto ME, de-Alencar-Araripe MA, Alencar AA (2001) Effects of scrotal insulation on testis size and semen criteria in Santa Ines hairy sheep raised in the State of Ceara. Northeast of Brazil Rev. Brasileira Zootec 3:1704-1711.
49. Rahman MB, Kamal MM, Rijsselaere T, Vandaele L, Shamsuddin M, Soom AV (2013) Altered chromatin condensation of heat stressed spermatozoa perturbs the dynamics of DNA methylation reprogramming in the paternal genome after in vitro fertilisation in cattle. Reproduction Fertility and Development. 26:1107-1116.
50. Roth Z, Meidan R, Braw-Tal, Wolfenson D (2000) Immediate and delayed effects of heat stress on follicular development and its association with plasma FSH and inhibin concentration in cows. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 120:83-90.
51. Sakatani M, Alvarez NV, Takahashi M, Hansen PJ (2012) Consequences of physiological heat shock beginning at the zygote stage on embryonic development and expression of stress response genes in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 95:3080-3091
52. Samal L (2013) Heat Stress in Dairy Cows-Reproductive Problems and Control Measures. International Journal of Livestock Research 3:14-23.
53. Santolaria P, López-Gatius F, García-Ispierto I, Bech-Sàbat G, Angulo E, Carretero T, Sánchez-Nadal JA, Yániz J (2010) Effects of cumulative stressful and acute variation episodes of farm climate conditions on late embryo/early fetal loss in high producing dairy cows. Int J Biometeorol 54:93-98.
54. Sartori R, Sartor-Bergfelt R, Mertens SA, Guenther JN, Parrish JJ, Wiltbank, MC (2002) Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. J Dairy Sci 85:2803-2812.
55. Savasani HH, Padodara RJ, Bhadaniya AR, Kalariya VA, Javia BB, Ghodasara SN, Ribadiya NK (2015) Impact of climate on feeding, production and reproduction of animals. Agricultural Reviews 36:26-36.
56. Sejian V, Gaughan JB, Bhatta R, Naqvi SMK (2016) Impact of climate change on livestock productivity. Feedipedia.
57. Sejian V, Samal L, Haque N, Bagath M, Hyder I, Maurya VP, Bhatta R, Ravindra JP, Prasad CS, Lal R. (2015) Overview on adaptation, mitigation and amelioration strategies toimprove livestock production under the changing climatic scenario. In: Sejian V, Gaughan J, Baumgard L, Prasad CS. (Eds). Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation. New Delhi, India: Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher. pp. 359-398
58. Singh M, Chaudhari BK, Singh JK, Singh AK, Maurya PK (2013) Effects of thermal load on buffalo reproductive performance during summer season. Journal of Biological Science 1:1-8.
59. Temple D, Bargo F, Mainau E, Ipharraguerre I, Manteca X (2015) Heat stress and efficiency in dairy milk production: A practical approach. The Farm Animal Welfare Fact Sheet No. 12, Farm Animal Welfare Education Centre. http://www.fawec.org/media/com_lazypdf/pdf/fs12-en.pdf
60. Thiruvenkadan, AK, Panneerselvam S, Rajendran R, Murali N (2010) Analysis on the productive and reproductive traits of Murrah buffalo cows maintained in the coastal region of India. Appl. Anim. Husb. Rural Dev. 3:1-5.
61. Upadhyay RC, Ashutosh, Singh SV (2009) Impactof climate change on reproductive functions of cattle andbuffalo. In: Aggarwal, PK, Editor. Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture. New Delhi: ICAR; pp. 107-110
62. Wakayo BU, Brar PS, Prabhakar S (2015) Review on mechanisms of dairy summer infertility and implications for hormonal intervention. Open Veterinary Journal 5:6-10
63. Wolfenson D, Roth Z, Meidan R (2000) Impaired reproduction in heat-stressed cattle: basic and applied aspects. Animal Reproduction Science. 60:535-547
64. Wolfenson D, Sonego H, Bloch A, Shaham-Albalancy A, Kaim M, Folman Y, Meidan R (2002) Seasonal differences in progesterone production by luteinized bovine thecal and granulosa cells. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 22:81–90.
65. Yildiz A, Erisir Z (2016) Effect of propylene glycol on fertility of postpartum dairy cows experiencing seasonal heat stress. Indian Journal of Animal Research 50:27–30.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Chawicha, T. G., & Mummed, Y. Y. (2022). An overview of how heat stress impacts dairy cattle fertility. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 5(3), 2022014. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2022014

[1] Abeni F, Galli A (2016) Monitoring cow activity and rumination time for an early de-tection of heat stress in dairy cow. Int. J. Biometeorol. 61:417–425.

[2] Ahmed A, Tiwari1 RP, Mishra GK, Jena B, Dar MA, Bhat AA (2015) Effect of environmental heat stress on reproduction performance of dairy cows. International Journal of Livestock Research 5:10-18.

[3] Alamer M (2011) The role of Prolactin in thermoregulation and water balance during heat stress in domestic animals. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6:1153-1169

[4] Al-Dawood A (2017) Towards heat stress management in small ruminants – a review. Ann Anim Sci. 17:59–88.

[5] Alejandro CI, Abel VM, Jaime OP, Pedro SA (2014) Environmental stress effect on animal reproduction. Advances in Dairy Research 2:1-4.

[6] Al-Katanani YM, Paula-Lopes FF, Hansen PJ (2002) Effect of season and exposure to heat stress on oocyte competence in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85:390-396.

[7] Amundson JL, Mader TL, Rasby RJ, Hu QS (2006) Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84:3415-3420.

[8] Berman A (2006) Extending the potential of evaporative cooling for heat-stress relief. J Dairy Sci. 89:3817-3825.

[9] Berman A (2011) Invited review: Are adaptations present to support dairy cattle productivity in warm climates? J Dairy Sci. 94:2147-2158.

[10] Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Ronchi B, Nardone A (2010) Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. International Journal of Animal Bioscience 4:1167-1183.

[11] Bridges PJ, Brusie MA, Fortune JE (2005) Elevated temperature (heat stress) in vitro reduces androstenedione and estradiol and increases progesterone secretion by follicular cells from bovine dominant follicles. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29:508-522.

[12] Brown BM, Stallings JW, Clay JS, Rhoads ML (2016) Periconceptional Heat Stress of Holstein Dams Is Associated with Differences in Daughter Milk Production during Their First Lactation. PloS one 11:e0148234.

[13] Calegari F, Calamari L, Frazzi E (2016) Cooling systems of the resting area in free stall dairy barn. Int J Biometeorol 60:605–14.

[14] Cartmill JA, El-Zarkouny SZ, Hensley BA, Rozell TG, Smith JF, Stevenson JS (2001) An alternative AI breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to elevated ambient temperature before or after calving or both. J. Dairy Sci. 84:799–806.

[15] Collier RJ, Dahl GE, VanBaale MJ (2006) Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89:1244-1253.

[16] Dahl GE, Tao S, Monteiro APA (2016) Effects of late-gestation heat stress on immunity and performance of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 99:3193-3198.

[17] Daramola JO, Abioja MO, Onagbesan OM (2012) Heat Stress Impact on Livestock Production. In: Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production, Sejian V, SMK Naqvi T, Ezeji J, Lakritz and R, Lal (Eds.). Springer, Germany, pp 53.

[18] Dash S, Chakravarty AK, Singh A, Upadhyay A, Singh M, Yousuf S (2016) Effect of heat stress on reproductive performances of dairy cattle and buffaloes. Veterinary World 9:235-244.

[19] De Rensis F, Scaramuzzi RJ (2003) Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow – a review. Theriogenology 60:1139-1151.

[20] Demetrio DGB, Santos RM, Demetrio CGB, Vasconcelos JLM (2007) Factors affecting conception rates following artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90:5073-5082.

[21] Dikmen S, Khan FA, Huson HJ, Sonstegard TS, Moss JI, Dahl GE, Hansen PJ (2014) The SLICK hair locus derived from Senepol cattle confers thermotolerance to intensively managed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97:5508-5520.

[22] El-Tarabany MS, El-Tarabany AA (2015) Impact of thermal stress on the efficiency of ovulation synchronization protocols in Holstein cows. Animal Reproduction Science 160:138-145.

[23] El-Wardani MA, El-Asheeri K (2000) Influence of season and number of heat checks on detecting of ovulatory estrus in Egyptian buffaloes. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 37:18-22.

[24] Ferreira RM, Ayres H, Chiaratti MR, Ferraz ML, Araújo AB, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe YF, Vireque AA, Joaquim DC, Smith LC, Meirelles FV, Baruselli PS (2011) The low fertility of repeat-breeder cows during summer heat stress is related to a low oocyte competence to develop into blastocysts. J Dairy Sci 94:2383-2392.

[25] Garcia-Ispierto FG, Lopez-Gatius P, Bech-Sabat G, Santolaria P, Yaniz JL, Nogareda C, De Rensis F, Lopez-Bejar M (2007) Climate factors affecting pregnancy rate of high-producing dairy cows in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 67:1379-1385.

[26] García-Ispierto I, López-Gatius F, Santolaria P, Yániz JL, Nogareda C, López-Béjar M, De Rensis F (2006) Relationship between heat stress during the peri-implantation period and early fetal loss in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 65:799-807.

[27] Gauly M, Bollwein H, Breves G, Brugemann K, Danicke S, Das G, Demeler J, Hansen H, Isselstein J, Knnig S, Loholter M, Martinsohn M, Meyer U, Potthoff M, Sanker C, Schroder B, Wrage N, Meibaum B (2013) Future consequences and challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate change in Central Europe. Animal 7:843-859.

[28] Hackbart KS, Ferreira RM, Dietsche AA, Socha MT, Shaver RD, Wiltbank MC, Fricke PM (2010) Effect of dietary organic zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt supplementation on milk production, follicular growth, embryo quality, and tissue mineral concentrations in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 88:3856-3870.

[29] Hahn GL, Mader, TL, Eigenberg RA (2003) Perspectives on development of thermal indices for animal studies and management. In: Proceeding Symposium. Interactions between Climate and Animal Production. EAAP Technical Series 7:31-44.

[30] Hansen PJ (2013) Cellular and molecular basis of therapies to ameliorate effects of heat stress on embryonic development in cattle. Anim Reprod 10:322-333.

[31] Hansen PJ (2009) Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364:3341-3350.

[32] Hansen PJ (2007) To be or not to be, determinants of embryonic survival following heat shock. Theriogenology 68:S40-S48.

[33] Jordan ER (2003) Effects of heat stress on reproduction. J Dairy Sci 86:E104-E114.

[34] Kadokawa H, Sakatani M, Hansen PJ (2012) Perspectives on improvement of reproduction in cattle during heat stress in a future Japan. Animal Science Journal. 83:439-445.

[35] Kaim M, Bloch A, Wolfenson D, Braw-Tal R, Rosenberg M, Voet H, Folman Y (2003) Effects of GnRH administered to cows at the onset of estrus on timing of ovulation, endocrine responses, and conception. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2012–2021. doi: 10.3168/jds. S0022-0302(03)73790-4

[36] Katie Kelly, Donna M, Amaral-Phillips (2016) Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle Reproduction. College of Agriculture, food and environment cooperative Extension Service.

[37] Larry E and Chase (2014) Climate Change Impacts on Dairy Cattle. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

[38] Liu HC, Hu YH, Huang JF, Poivey JP, Rouvier R, Cheng YS (2013) Genetic parameters for the duration of fertility in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). In: Proceedings of the 5th World Waterfowl Conference; Hanoi, Vietnam. p. 50–53.

[39] Lopez-Gatius F (2003) Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 60:89-99.

[40] Masoumi R, Derensis F (2013) Alterations in reproductive hormones during heat stress in dairy cattle. African Journal of Biotechnology 10:5552-5558.

[41] Mishra SR, Kundu AK, Mahapatra APK (2013) Effect of ambient temperature on membrane integrity of spermatozoa in different breeds of bulls. The Bioscan 8:181-183.

[42] Moreira MK, Rodrigues SA (2015) Influence of seasonality on mammals' reproduction. Journal of Zoological Sciences 4:43-50.

[43] Morrill K (2011) Heat stress-impact on lactating cattle. Cornell University Cooperative Extension. http://www.ccenny.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Heat-Stress-Part-impact-lactating-cows.pdf

[44] Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Ranieri MS, Bernabucci U (2010) Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science 130:57-69.

[45] Nguyen TTT, Bowman PJ, Haile-Mariam M, Pryce JE, Hayes BJ (2016) Genomic selection for tolerance to heat stress in Australian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 99:2849-2862.

[46] Nichi M, Bols PEJ, Zuche RM, Barnabe VH, Goovaerts IGF, Barnabe RC, Cortada CMN (2006) Seasonal variation in semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos taurus bulls raised under tropical conditions. Theriogenology 66:822-828.

[47] Ozawa M, Tabayashi D, Latief TA, Shimizu T, Oshima I, Kanai Y (2005) Alterations in follicular dynamics and steroidiogenic abilities induced by heat stress during follicular recruitment in goats. Reproduction 129:621-630

[48] Pinto ME, de-Alencar-Araripe MA, Alencar AA (2001) Effects of scrotal insulation on testis size and semen criteria in Santa Ines hairy sheep raised in the State of Ceara. Northeast of Brazil Rev. Brasileira Zootec 3:1704-1711.

[49] Rahman MB, Kamal MM, Rijsselaere T, Vandaele L, Shamsuddin M, Soom AV (2013) Altered chromatin condensation of heat stressed spermatozoa perturbs the dynamics of DNA methylation reprogramming in the paternal genome after in vitro fertilisation in cattle. Reproduction Fertility and Development. 26:1107-1116.

[50] Roth Z, Meidan R, Braw-Tal, Wolfenson D (2000) Immediate and delayed effects of heat stress on follicular development and its association with plasma FSH and inhibin concentration in cows. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 120:83-90.

[51] Sakatani M, Alvarez NV, Takahashi M, Hansen PJ (2012) Consequences of physiological heat shock beginning at the zygote stage on embryonic development and expression of stress response genes in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 95:3080-3091

[52] Samal L (2013) Heat Stress in Dairy Cows-Reproductive Problems and Control Measures. International Journal of Livestock Research 3:14-23.

[53] Santolaria P, López-Gatius F, García-Ispierto I, Bech-Sàbat G, Angulo E, Carretero T, Sánchez-Nadal JA, Yániz J (2010) Effects of cumulative stressful and acute variation episodes of farm climate conditions on late embryo/early fetal loss in high producing dairy cows. Int J Biometeorol 54:93-98.

[54] Sartori R, Sartor-Bergfelt R, Mertens SA, Guenther JN, Parrish JJ, Wiltbank, MC (2002) Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. J Dairy Sci 85:2803-2812.

[55] Savasani HH, Padodara RJ, Bhadaniya AR, Kalariya VA, Javia BB, Ghodasara SN, Ribadiya NK (2015) Impact of climate on feeding, production and reproduction of animals. Agricultural Reviews 36:26-36.

[56] Sejian V, Gaughan JB, Bhatta R, Naqvi SMK (2016) Impact of climate change on livestock productivity. Feedipedia.

[57] Sejian V, Samal L, Haque N, Bagath M, Hyder I, Maurya VP, Bhatta R, Ravindra JP, Prasad CS, Lal R. (2015) Overview on adaptation, mitigation and amelioration strategies toimprove livestock production under the changing climatic scenario. In: Sejian V, Gaughan J, Baumgard L, Prasad CS. (Eds). Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation. New Delhi, India: Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher. pp. 359-398

[58] Singh M, Chaudhari BK, Singh JK, Singh AK, Maurya PK (2013) Effects of thermal load on buffalo reproductive performance during summer season. Journal of Biological Science 1:1-8.

[59] Temple D, Bargo F, Mainau E, Ipharraguerre I, Manteca X (2015) Heat stress and efficiency in dairy milk production: A practical approach. The Farm Animal Welfare Fact Sheet No. 12, Farm Animal Welfare Education Centre. http://www.fawec.org/media/com_lazypdf/pdf/fs12-en.pdf

[60] Thiruvenkadan, AK, Panneerselvam S, Rajendran R, Murali N (2010) Analysis on the productive and reproductive traits of Murrah buffalo cows maintained in the coastal region of India. Appl. Anim. Husb. Rural Dev. 3:1-5.

[61] Upadhyay RC, Ashutosh, Singh SV (2009) Impactof climate change on reproductive functions of cattle andbuffalo. In: Aggarwal, PK, Editor. Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture. New Delhi: ICAR; pp. 107-110

[62] Wakayo BU, Brar PS, Prabhakar S (2015) Review on mechanisms of dairy summer infertility and implications for hormonal intervention. Open Veterinary Journal 5:6-10

[63] Wolfenson D, Roth Z, Meidan R (2000) Impaired reproduction in heat-stressed cattle: basic and applied aspects. Animal Reproduction Science. 60:535-547

[64] Wolfenson D, Sonego H, Bloch A, Shaham-Albalancy A, Kaim M, Folman Y, Meidan R (2002) Seasonal differences in progesterone production by luteinized bovine thecal and granulosa cells. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 22:81–90.

[65] Yildiz A, Erisir Z (2016) Effect of propylene glycol on fertility of postpartum dairy cows experiencing seasonal heat stress. Indian Journal of Animal Research 50:27–30.

Abstract

References

How to cite