The impact of politeness Albanian expressions on the psychological well-being of native speakers. A quantitative study

Lindita Durmishi; Aurela Basha; Violeta Alterziu

doi:10.31893/multirev.2024226

Keywords:

Albanian politeness

psychological well-being

close relationships

correlation

impact

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of expressions of politeness, such as apology, thankful, and gratitude, in the Albanian language on the psychological well-being of Albanian native speakers. The data were collected through a questionnaire assessing the frequency of politeness expression usage and various dimensions of psychological well-being. Econometric analyses, including multiple regression, were employed to explore the relationship between politeness expression usage and psychological well-being. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the frequency of using polite expressions and overall psychological well-being. Specifically, higher levels of polite language use were associated with greater self-esteem, greater life satisfaction, and increased positive affect. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of nurturing strong close relationships, which were found to positively influence psychological well-being. These findings underscore the significance of linguistic politeness and social interactions in promoting psychological well-being. Practical implications include encouraging the use of polite expressions in daily interactions and fostering strong close relationships to enhance individuals' well-being. Future research directions are suggested to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationships among language, social interactions, close relationships, psychological well-being, and mental health.
References
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2. Arıcıoğlu, A. (2016). Mediating the Effect of Gratitude in the Relationship between Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction among University Students. International Journal of Higher Education 5, 2, 275-282. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v5n2p275
3. Behzadipour, S., Sadeghi, S. and Sepahmansour, M. (2019). A Study on the Effect of Gratitude on Happiness and Well-Being. Biquarterly Iranian Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 65-72.
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7. Chandrakar, T., Bandyopadhyay, M. & Mazumdar, S. (2023). The Relationship between Gratitude and Psychological Distress among Male and Female Young Adults: A Correlational Study. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 11(3), p. 3280-3287. https://doi.org/10.25215/1103.307.
8. Chaudhry, J. Sh. & Carnegie, L. G. (2019). Thanking, Apologizing, Bragging, and Blaming: Responsibility Exchange Theory and the Currency of Communication. Mellon University, American Psychological Association, 1, 999, 000 0033-295X/19, p. 1-32.
9. Cushman, E. J., Kelly, M. R. & Faulkner, R. (2021) Resource Review—Using Qualtrics Core XM for Surveying Youth. 16(1). https://doi.org/ 10.5195/jyd.2021.886 | ISSN 2325-4017 (online).
10. Daulay, Sh. H, Azmi, N. and Pratiwi, T. (2022). The Importance of Expressing Politeness: English Education Students’ Perspectives. 6, 1, p. 49-82. http://ejournal.uinsaizu.ac.id/index.php/tarling/index.
11. Emmons, R. A. (2007). Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
12. Geier, T. M. and Morris. J. (2022). The impact of a gratitude intervention on mental well-being during COVID-19: A quasi-experimental study of university students. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/aphw.12359. Appl Psychol Health Well-Being, p. 1–12. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aphw.
13. Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Anchor Books.
14. Gu, Y. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 237-257.
15. Herring, S. C. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social, and cross-cultural perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing.
16. Hesse, A. C. & J. B. Ofosu, B. J. (2017). Statistical methods for the social sciences. ISBN: 978–9988–2–6060–6 . P.306-336
17. Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). Sage.
18. Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. Longman.
19. Hristova-Bejleri R. (2005) Rusana Hristova-Bejleri. Format e mirësjelljes dhe pragmatika ndërgjuhësore (shqip-bullgarisht). Seminari i XXIV për gjuhën, letërsinë dhe kulturën shqiptare. Prishtinë, 2005. https://www.albanianbg.com/studii/ezik/st-ez-01-01-politeness_al.htm
20. Imai, T. (2023). Exploring How Received Gratitude and Apologies Meet a Benefactor’s Psychological Needs of Face and Competence. Interpersonal, 17(2), 252–272. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.10105.
21. Issa, S. (2017). A study into politeness strategies and politeness markers in Jordanian print advertisements as persuasive tools. Journal of Politeness Research, 13(1), p. 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0010.
22. Jans-Beken, L. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude: New perspectives on the gratitude mental health connection. Heerlen, The Netherlands: Open University, ISBN: 978-94-6332-322-2, p. 76-79,
23. Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L. and Lataster, J. (2019). Gratitude and health: An updated review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-36. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888.
24. Johnstone, B., Ferrara, K., and Bean, M. J. (1992). Gender, politeness, and discourse management in same-sex and cross-sex opinion-poll interviews, p. 405-430.
25. Kádár, D. Z., & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding politeness. Cambridge University Press.
26. Komase, Y., Watanabe, K., Hori, D., Nozawa, K., Hidaka, Y., Lida, M., Imamura, K. and Kawakami, N. (2021). Effects of gratitude intervention on mental health and well-being among workers: A systematic review. J Occup Health, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12290.
27. Lloshi, Xh. (2001). Stilistika e gjuhës shqipe dhe pragmatika. ISBN: 9992701455
28. Lomas, T. (2015). Positive cross-cultural psychology: Exploring similarity and difference in constructions and experiences of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(4), 60-77. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i4.437.
29. Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness: A New Approach to Getting the Life You Want. Penguin Books.
30. Malone, A., Meyer, D. D., Tarlton, T., Wasielewski, L., Reuben, P., West, C., & Mitchell, V. (2011). The relationship between forgiveness and emotional well-being. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/ vistas/vistas11/Article_23.pdf, p. 1-11.
31. McCullough, E. M., Kilpatrick, D. Sh., Emmons, A. R. and Larson, B. D. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249.
32. McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., Jr. & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, American Psychological Association, 73(2), 321–336.
33. Molnar, A. (2019). SMARTRIQS: A Simple Method Allowing Real-Time Respondent Interaction in Qualtrics Surveys. P. 161-169https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2019.03.005
34. Murni, M. (2019). The use of politeness strategies in the classroom context by English university students. Indonesian Journal Of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 8 No. 3, 597-606 Available online at: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/15258 https://doi.org/ 10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15258.
35. Murphy, M. L. and De Felice, R. (2018). Routine politeness in American and British English requests: use and non-use of please. Journal of Politeness Research. 15 (1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2016-0027.
36. Mustadi,A. & Amelia, R. (2022). Children’s Politeness in the Digital Era. P. 115–123. DOI 10.2991/978-2-494069-35-0_15, H 2022, ASSEHR 698.
37. Pishghadam, R. & Navari, S. (2012). A Study into Politeness Strategies and Politeness Markers in Advertisements as Persuasive Tools, 161-581. Https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n2.161.
38. Plangarica, T. (2021). Aspekte të gjuhësisë së zbatuar. Tiranë. ISBN: 9789928339409
39. Pratiwi, Sh. M. M. & Riana, R. (2022).Transmission of Language Politeness to Students in Organizational Activities. ICHSS 2021, , Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.8-12-2021.2322585.
40. Rugova, R. & Rugova, S. L. (2018). Expressing Politeness And Politeness Strategies In Spoken Albanian. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, Cilt: 11, Sayı: 21, p. 80-81.Doi Number :http://dx.doi.org/10.12981/motif.432.
41. Schallert, L D., Chiang, Y-hui. V., Park, Y., Jordan, Lee, H., Cheng, J. An-Ch., Chu, R. H-N., Lee, S., Kim, T., Song, K. (2009). Being polite while fulfilling different discourse functions in online classroom discussions. Computers & Education, p. 713-725. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.009.
42. Shkurtaj, Gj., Pesha e fjalës shqipe, Tiranë, 2009, f. 322-327
43. Street, R. L. (2003). Communication in medical encounters: An ecological perspective. Oxford University Press.
44. Toussaint, L. and Friedman, H. F. (2008). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9111-8.
45. Toussaint, L. L., Williams, R. D., Musick, A. M. and Susan A. Everson, A. S. (2001). Forgiveness and Health: Age Differences in a U.S. Probability Article in Journal of Adult Development, p. 249-257. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/a:1011394629736.
46. Ugla, L. R. & Abidin, Z. J. M. (2016). A Study of Apology Strategies Used by Iraqi EFL University Students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 5(1),32 – 38. ISSN: 2252-8822.
47. Walker, J.; Kumar, A. and Gilovich, Th. (2016). Cultivating Gratitude and Giving Through Experiential Consumption. Emotion. American Psychological Association, 16(8),p. 1126-1136.
48. Watts, R. (2003). Politeness, , Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0511069308.
49. Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A. & Agnew, C. R. (1999). Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 942-966.
50. Wood, M. A, Froh, J. F. and Geraghty, W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review 30(7), p. 890-905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
51. Wood, M. A., Froh, J. J. and Adam W.A. Geraghty, W. A. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 890-905.
52. Worthington, E. L. (2006). Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Theory and Application. Routledge.
53. Worthington, E., Jr., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19(3),385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/WorthingtonScherer2004.pdf

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How to cite

Durmishi, L., Basha, A., & Alterziu, V. (2024). The impact of politeness Albanian expressions on the psychological well-being of native speakers. A quantitative study. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(9), 2024226. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024226

[1] Anggraini, D. and Palupi. L. (2020). Relationship between gratitude and psychological well-being around Lapindo Mudflow resident. E3S Web of Conferences 153, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202015303005.

[2] Arıcıoğlu, A. (2016). Mediating the Effect of Gratitude in the Relationship between Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction among University Students. International Journal of Higher Education 5, 2, 275-282. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v5n2p275

[3] Behzadipour, S., Sadeghi, S. and Sepahmansour, M. (2019). A Study on the Effect of Gratitude on Happiness and Well-Being. Biquarterly Iranian Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 65-72.

[4] Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching. Pearson Education.

[5] Brown, P., & Fraser, C. (1979). Politeness and language. Basil Blackwell.

[6] Brown, P., Levinson, S. C., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Vol. 4. Cambridge University. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.

[7] Chandrakar, T., Bandyopadhyay, M. & Mazumdar, S. (2023). The Relationship between Gratitude and Psychological Distress among Male and Female Young Adults: A Correlational Study. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 11(3), p. 3280-3287. https://doi.org/10.25215/1103.307.

[8] Chaudhry, J. Sh. & Carnegie, L. G. (2019). Thanking, Apologizing, Bragging, and Blaming: Responsibility Exchange Theory and the Currency of Communication. Mellon University, American Psychological Association, 1, 999, 000 0033-295X/19, p. 1-32.

[9] Cushman, E. J., Kelly, M. R. & Faulkner, R. (2021) Resource Review—Using Qualtrics Core XM for Surveying Youth. 16(1). https://doi.org/ 10.5195/jyd.2021.886 | ISSN 2325-4017 (online).

[10] Daulay, Sh. H, Azmi, N. and Pratiwi, T. (2022). The Importance of Expressing Politeness: English Education Students’ Perspectives. 6, 1, p. 49-82. http://ejournal.uinsaizu.ac.id/index.php/tarling/index.

[11] Emmons, R. A. (2007). Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

[12] Geier, T. M. and Morris. J. (2022). The impact of a gratitude intervention on mental well-being during COVID-19: A quasi-experimental study of university students. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/aphw.12359. Appl Psychol Health Well-Being, p. 1–12. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aphw.

[13] Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Anchor Books.

[14] Gu, Y. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 237-257.

[15] Herring, S. C. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social, and cross-cultural perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing.

[16] Hesse, A. C. & J. B. Ofosu, B. J. (2017). Statistical methods for the social sciences. ISBN: 978–9988–2–6060–6 . P.306-336

[17] Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). Sage.

[18] Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. Longman.

[19] Hristova-Bejleri R. (2005) Rusana Hristova-Bejleri. Format e mirësjelljes dhe pragmatika ndërgjuhësore (shqip-bullgarisht). Seminari i XXIV për gjuhën, letërsinë dhe kulturën shqiptare. Prishtinë, 2005. https://www.albanianbg.com/studii/ezik/st-ez-01-01-politeness_al.htm

[20] Imai, T. (2023). Exploring How Received Gratitude and Apologies Meet a Benefactor’s Psychological Needs of Face and Competence. Interpersonal, 17(2), 252–272. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.10105.

[21] Issa, S. (2017). A study into politeness strategies and politeness markers in Jordanian print advertisements as persuasive tools. Journal of Politeness Research, 13(1), p. 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0010.

[22] Jans-Beken, L. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude: New perspectives on the gratitude mental health connection. Heerlen, The Netherlands: Open University, ISBN: 978-94-6332-322-2, p. 76-79,

[23] Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L. and Lataster, J. (2019). Gratitude and health: An updated review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-36. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888.

[24] Johnstone, B., Ferrara, K., and Bean, M. J. (1992). Gender, politeness, and discourse management in same-sex and cross-sex opinion-poll interviews, p. 405-430.

[25] Kádár, D. Z., & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding politeness. Cambridge University Press.

[26] Komase, Y., Watanabe, K., Hori, D., Nozawa, K., Hidaka, Y., Lida, M., Imamura, K. and Kawakami, N. (2021). Effects of gratitude intervention on mental health and well-being among workers: A systematic review. J Occup Health, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12290.

[27] Lloshi, Xh. (2001). Stilistika e gjuhës shqipe dhe pragmatika. ISBN: 9992701455

[28] Lomas, T. (2015). Positive cross-cultural psychology: Exploring similarity and difference in constructions and experiences of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(4), 60-77. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i4.437.

[29] Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness: A New Approach to Getting the Life You Want. Penguin Books.

[30] Malone, A., Meyer, D. D., Tarlton, T., Wasielewski, L., Reuben, P., West, C., & Mitchell, V. (2011). The relationship between forgiveness and emotional well-being. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/ vistas/vistas11/Article_23.pdf, p. 1-11.

[31] McCullough, E. M., Kilpatrick, D. Sh., Emmons, A. R. and Larson, B. D. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249.

[32] McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., Jr. & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, American Psychological Association, 73(2), 321–336.

[33] Molnar, A. (2019). SMARTRIQS: A Simple Method Allowing Real-Time Respondent Interaction in Qualtrics Surveys. P. 161-169https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2019.03.005

[34] Murni, M. (2019). The use of politeness strategies in the classroom context by English university students. Indonesian Journal Of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 8 No. 3, 597-606 Available online at: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/15258 https://doi.org/ 10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15258.

[35] Murphy, M. L. and De Felice, R. (2018). Routine politeness in American and British English requests: use and non-use of please. Journal of Politeness Research. 15 (1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2016-0027.

[36] Mustadi,A. & Amelia, R. (2022). Children’s Politeness in the Digital Era. P. 115–123. DOI 10.2991/978-2-494069-35-0_15, H 2022, ASSEHR 698.

[37] Pishghadam, R. & Navari, S. (2012). A Study into Politeness Strategies and Politeness Markers in Advertisements as Persuasive Tools, 161-581. Https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n2.161.

[38] Plangarica, T. (2021). Aspekte të gjuhësisë së zbatuar. Tiranë. ISBN: 9789928339409

[39] Pratiwi, Sh. M. M. & Riana, R. (2022).Transmission of Language Politeness to Students in Organizational Activities. ICHSS 2021, , Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.8-12-2021.2322585.

[40] Rugova, R. & Rugova, S. L. (2018). Expressing Politeness And Politeness Strategies In Spoken Albanian. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, Cilt: 11, Sayı: 21, p. 80-81.Doi Number :http://dx.doi.org/10.12981/motif.432.

[41] Schallert, L D., Chiang, Y-hui. V., Park, Y., Jordan, Lee, H., Cheng, J. An-Ch., Chu, R. H-N., Lee, S., Kim, T., Song, K. (2009). Being polite while fulfilling different discourse functions in online classroom discussions. Computers & Education, p. 713-725. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.009.

[42] Shkurtaj, Gj., Pesha e fjalës shqipe, Tiranë, 2009, f. 322-327

[43] Street, R. L. (2003). Communication in medical encounters: An ecological perspective. Oxford University Press.

[44] Toussaint, L. and Friedman, H. F. (2008). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9111-8.

[45] Toussaint, L. L., Williams, R. D., Musick, A. M. and Susan A. Everson, A. S. (2001). Forgiveness and Health: Age Differences in a U.S. Probability Article in Journal of Adult Development, p. 249-257. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/a:1011394629736.

[46] Ugla, L. R. & Abidin, Z. J. M. (2016). A Study of Apology Strategies Used by Iraqi EFL University Students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 5(1),32 – 38. ISSN: 2252-8822.

[47] Walker, J.; Kumar, A. and Gilovich, Th. (2016). Cultivating Gratitude and Giving Through Experiential Consumption. Emotion. American Psychological Association, 16(8),p. 1126-1136.

[48] Watts, R. (2003). Politeness, , Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0511069308.

[49] Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A. & Agnew, C. R. (1999). Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 942-966.

[50] Wood, M. A, Froh, J. F. and Geraghty, W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review 30(7), p. 890-905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005

[51] Wood, M. A., Froh, J. J. and Adam W.A. Geraghty, W. A. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 890-905.

[52] Worthington, E. L. (2006). Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Theory and Application. Routledge.

[53] Worthington, E., Jr., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19(3),385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/WorthingtonScherer2004.pdf

Abstract

References

How to cite