Keywords:
microvascular disease
BMI
coronary arteries
atherosclerosis

  • Abstract

    Obesity is a complex, multifaceted condition that has a negative impact on health and is caused by the cumulation of excess body fat. Obesity rates are continuing to rise, creating an unprecedented epidemic that doesn't seem to be getting better anytime soon. Because elevated body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal disorders, it is linked to a markedly lower life expectancy and quality of life. Long-term energy imbalance between calories taken and calories burned is the primary cause of obesity. Here, we examine the molecular underpinnings of obesity in an effort to offer practical therapeutic approaches for achieving a healthy body weight through both nature and nurture. Type 2 diabetes, among other co-morbidities, is linked to obesity such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and others. Obesity is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor in the therapeutic setting, hence strategies to promote an optimal body weight must be encouraged. Globally, obesity rates are rising in the United States, the last ten years have seen a sharp rise in the prevalence of obesity in both adults and children. Diabetes and hypertension are therefore closely associated since they are caused by comparable risk factors, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, arterial remodelling, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the cardiovascular issues linked to diabetes and hypertension, which are mostly related to macrovascular and microvascular disorders. Due to shared mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, immune system activation, and stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, there is likely a substantial link between hypertension and diabetes. This research of worldwide obesity trends highlights the pathophysiology of obesity on cardiovascular disease, from genetic determinants to epigenetic variables, from social environmental influences to microenvironmental factors. Given this, we discuss many possible BMI-lowering therapeutic strategies.

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Ghiya, P. (2024). How does obesity effect cardiovascular disease. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(4), 2025119. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025119
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