Turkish intervention strategy in Northern Syria (2011-2023 AD)

Eman Fraihat; Hussein Latif  Qaddori; Bassmah Ozbi Fraihat; Ahmad Abdullah Aljribia; Surrayah hussameldeen bin  khatlan

doi:10.31893/multirev.2024246

Keywords:

border security

kurdish entity

Northern Syria

turkish intervention strategies

Abstract

This study aimed to explore Turkish intervention strategies in northern Syria from 2011 to 2023. It addressed motives, stages, forms of intervention, and dimensions. This study examined the reasons behind the convergence between Turkey and Syria since late 2021. This study utilized descriptive, analytical, and decision-making methodologies. The findings indicate that the Turkish intervention in northern Syria was part of a Turkish strategy based on considerations and interests. Intervention was a means to achieve these interests, which included immediate and long-term goals. These goals encompassed dispelling risks and concerns related to border and national security, particularly concerning the potential establishment of a Kurdish entity in northern Syria.
References
1. Adwan, A. I. (2019). Syrian-Turkish relations: Determinants and issues (1st ed.). Cairo: Al Arabi for Publishing and Distribution.
2. Al Fadl, M. A. (2013). Decision-making theories: A quantitative approach (1st ed.). Amman: Dar Al Manahij for Publishing and Distribution.
3. Al Hurra. (2020, March 5). Details of Putin and Erdoğan's agreement in Idlib. Al Hurra. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.alhurra.com/ Accessed on February 5, 2023.
4. Al Hurra. (2022, August 12). Turkey and the Syrian regime: ‘Misunderstanding’ or indicators of normalization? Al Hurra. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.alhurra.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.
5. Al Sharq Al Awsat. (2022, August 7). Erdoğan: Putin asked me for cooperation with Assad regime. Al Sharq Al Awsat. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://aawsat.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.
6. Al Sharq Al Awsat. (2023, April 15). Turkey’s rejection of conditions for normalizing relations with Syria. Al Sharq Al Awsat. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://aawsat.com/ Accessed on April 19, 2023.
7. Al Sharq Al Awsat. (2023, February 3). Turkey withdrew its military point from the M4 highway in agreement with Russia. Al Sharq Al Awsat. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://aawsat.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.
8. Al-Halaw, K. (2020). Turkish intervention in northern Syria: One strategy and diverse policy. Part of the research project "Post-War and Post-Conflict Period in Syria". Florence: European University Institute.
9. Al-Hilu, K. (2019). Afrin under Turkish control: Political, economic, and social transformations. Florence: European University Institute.
10. Al-Hilu, K. (2021). The Turkish intervention in northern Syria: One strategy, discrepant policies. Research project report. Florence: European University Institute, Middle East Directions.
11. Çağaptay, S., & Yalçın, M. (2018). Syrian refugees in Turkey (Policy analysis paper). Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near-East Policy.
12. Dapkus, S. (2016). Turkey’s security dilemma on the border with Syria: Situation assessment and perspectives of the intervention. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 36(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.1515/lfpr-2016-0009
13. Diab, T. (2019). Peace Spring: Reading agreements and implications (Analytical paper). Cairo: Egyptian Institute for Studies.
14. DW. (2023, January 5). Erdoğan: We started a tripartite process. I met with Assad for peace. DW. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.dw.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.
15. Hoffmann, C. (2019). Neo-Ottomanism, Eurasianism, or securing the region? A longer view on Turkey’s interventionism. Conflict, Security & Development, 19(3), 301-307.
16. Içduygu, A., & Nimer, M. (2020). The politics of return: Exploring the future of Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 41(3), 415-433.
17. Luerdi, H., & Hakim, A. (2020). Turkey’s border security policy against non-state actors (2016-2019). Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 4(2), 179-200.
18. Sayed, M., & Mohy El Din, M. (2020). Aleppo between two eras: Social and economic changes before and after the war (1st ed.). Giza: Atlas for Publishing and Media Production.
19. Slatniyah, B., & Al Jilani, H. (2012). Fundamental approaches in social research (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar Al Fajr for Publishing and Distribution.
20. Tala', M. (2019). Syrian opposition: Reshaping and settlement paths (Report). Doha: Al Jazeera Center for Studies.
21. Zanotti, G. (2013). Turkey: Background and relations with the United States (1st ed.). Beirut: Researcher in Palestinian and Strategic Studies.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Fraihat, E., Qaddori, H. L., Fraihat, B. O., Aljribia, A. A., & khatlan, S. hussameldeen bin. (2024). Turkish intervention strategy in Northern Syria (2011-2023 AD). Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(11), 2024246. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024246

[1] Adwan, A. I. (2019). Syrian-Turkish relations: Determinants and issues (1st ed.). Cairo: Al Arabi for Publishing and Distribution.

[2] Al Fadl, M. A. (2013). Decision-making theories: A quantitative approach (1st ed.). Amman: Dar Al Manahij for Publishing and Distribution.

[3] Al Hurra. (2020, March 5). Details of Putin and Erdoğan's agreement in Idlib. Al Hurra. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.alhurra.com/ Accessed on February 5, 2023.

[4] Al Hurra. (2022, August 12). Turkey and the Syrian regime: ‘Misunderstanding’ or indicators of normalization? Al Hurra. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.alhurra.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.

[5] Al Sharq Al Awsat. (2022, August 7). Erdoğan: Putin asked me for cooperation with Assad regime. Al Sharq Al Awsat. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://aawsat.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.

[6] Al Sharq Al Awsat. (2023, April 15). Turkey’s rejection of conditions for normalizing relations with Syria. Al Sharq Al Awsat. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://aawsat.com/ Accessed on April 19, 2023.

[7] Al Sharq Al Awsat. (2023, February 3). Turkey withdrew its military point from the M4 highway in agreement with Russia. Al Sharq Al Awsat. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://aawsat.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.

[8] Al-Halaw, K. (2020). Turkish intervention in northern Syria: One strategy and diverse policy. Part of the research project "Post-War and Post-Conflict Period in Syria". Florence: European University Institute.

[9] Al-Hilu, K. (2019). Afrin under Turkish control: Political, economic, and social transformations. Florence: European University Institute.

[10] Al-Hilu, K. (2021). The Turkish intervention in northern Syria: One strategy, discrepant policies. Research project report. Florence: European University Institute, Middle East Directions.

[11] Çağaptay, S., & Yalçın, M. (2018). Syrian refugees in Turkey (Policy analysis paper). Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near-East Policy.

[12] Dapkus, S. (2016). Turkey’s security dilemma on the border with Syria: Situation assessment and perspectives of the intervention. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 36(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.1515/lfpr-2016-0009

[13] Diab, T. (2019). Peace Spring: Reading agreements and implications (Analytical paper). Cairo: Egyptian Institute for Studies.

[14] DW. (2023, January 5). Erdoğan: We started a tripartite process. I met with Assad for peace. DW. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.dw.com/ Accessed on February 16, 2023.

[15] Hoffmann, C. (2019). Neo-Ottomanism, Eurasianism, or securing the region? A longer view on Turkey’s interventionism. Conflict, Security & Development, 19(3), 301-307.

[16] Içduygu, A., & Nimer, M. (2020). The politics of return: Exploring the future of Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 41(3), 415-433.

[17] Luerdi, H., & Hakim, A. (2020). Turkey’s border security policy against non-state actors (2016-2019). Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 4(2), 179-200.

[18] Sayed, M., & Mohy El Din, M. (2020). Aleppo between two eras: Social and economic changes before and after the war (1st ed.). Giza: Atlas for Publishing and Media Production.

[19] Slatniyah, B., & Al Jilani, H. (2012). Fundamental approaches in social research (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar Al Fajr for Publishing and Distribution.

[20] Tala', M. (2019). Syrian opposition: Reshaping and settlement paths (Report). Doha: Al Jazeera Center for Studies.

[21] Zanotti, G. (2013). Turkey: Background and relations with the United States (1st ed.). Beirut: Researcher in Palestinian and Strategic Studies.

Abstract

References

How to cite