Imunoterapia antitumoral em medicina veterinária
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29327/multi.2021010Keywords:
anticorpos monoclonais, imunidade adaptativa, restauração imunológica, sistema imunitário, vacinas anticâncerAbstract
O tratamento para neoplasias é realizado principalmente por meio de cirurgias, quimioterapias e radioterapias. Entretanto, apesar do progresso geral na terapia contra o câncer, ainda são escassas as opções de tratamentos eficazes e até mesmo curativos para determinados grupos de pacientes oncológicos. A imunoterapia antitumoral se encaixa nesta lacuna, uma vez que consiste na manipulação do sistema imunológico do próprio paciente no intuito de identificar e destruir células neoplásicas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo revisar a literatura sobre a aplicação da imunoterapia antitumoral em medicina veterinária, seus efeitos colaterais e outros aspectos considerados pertinentes aos diferentes métodos. Além disso, a avaliação do padrão de resposta apresentada, bem como as células e componentes envolvidos foram consideradas. Para tanto, foram utilizados os sites de busca Medline, Scielo e Portal CAPES, utilizando as palavras-chaves tais como “imunoterapia antitumoral”, “anticorpos antineoplásicos” e “vacinas anticâncer”, para a seleção de artigos científicos dos últimos 10 anos. Apesar da imunoterapia agir de forma distinta de qualquer outro tipo de tratamento oncológico, sua indicação tem relação com as características do tumor e a fase do tratamento em que o paciente se encontra. A literatura abrange o estudo de diferentes estratégias de imunoterapia antitumoral com foco na aplicação em humanos; entretanto, a maioria dos testes e respostas avaliadas acontecem em diferentes espécies animais. Assim, fica claro o potencial de uso da imunoterapia antitumoral na medicina veterinária, no intuito de estimular respostas do sistema imune contra as células cancerígenas evitando a amplificação e propagação tumoral.
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