A mini-review on bovine stromal mesenchymal cells sustainability and innovativeness

Jamila Cristina Baptistella; Letícia Colin Panegossi; Rafaela Vilar Constantini; Tereza Cristina Cardoso; Roberto Gameiro de Carvalho

doi:10.31893/multirev.2022007

Keywords:

Abstract

Animal experiments are conducted to demonstrate proof-of-concept and mechanisms of action, provide safe cell culture methods, carry out tissue engineering, and study infectious disease pathogenesis. Regarding the sustainable principles of the 3Rs, namely, refinement, reduction, and replacement, animal and human biological systems have been used. By definition, the Wharton's jelly (WJ) layer is a connective tissue localized in the middle of the umbilical vessels and amniotic epithelium. In this review, we would like to state that these cells belong to the division of primitive stromal cells. Because the WJ layer is an economical source of cells, the use of this resource would improve areas such as regenerative medicine, biotechnology, and agronomics worldwide in accordance with sustainability.
References
1. Anzalone R, Lo Iacono M, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G (2010) New emerging potentials for human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells: immunological features and hepatocyte-like differentiate capacity. Stem Cells and Development 19:423–38.
2. Baksh D, Song L, Tuan RS (2004) Adult mesenchymal stem cells: characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 8:301-16.
3. Barczewska M, Grudniak M, Maksymowicz S, Siwek T, Ołdak T, Jezierska-Woźniak K, Gładysz D, Maksymowicz W (2019) Safety of intrathecal injection of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis therapy. Neural Regeneration Research 14:313-18.
4. Bojanic C, To K, Zhang B, Mak C, Khan WS (2020) Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. World Journal of Stem Cells 12:288-302.
5. Calloni R, Viegas GS, Turck P, Bonatto D, Henriques JAP (2014) Mesenchymal stromal cells from unconventional model organisms. Cytotherapy 16:3-16.
6. Cardoso TC, Ferrari HF, Garcia AF, Novais JB, Silva-Frade C, Ferrarezi MC, Andrade AL, Gameiro R (2012a) Isolation and characterization of Wharton's jelly derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from bovine umbilical cord and maintained in a define serum-free three dimensional system. BMC Biotechnology 12:18.
7. Cardoso TC, Novais JB, Antello TF, Silva-Frade C, Ferrarezi MC, Ferrari HF, Gameiro R, Flores EF (2012b) Susceptibility of neuron-like cells derived from bovine Wharton's jelly to bovine herpesvirus type 5 infections. BMC Veterinary Research 8:242.
8. Cardoso TC, Okamura LH, Baptistella JC, Gameiro R, Ferreira HL, Marinho M, Flores EF (2017) Isolation, characterization and immunomodulatory-associated gene transcription of wharton's jelly-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells at different trimesters of cow pregnancy. Cell and Tissue Research 367:243-56.
9. Carlin R, Davis D, Weiss M, Schuktz B, Troyer D (2006) Expression of early transcription factor Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog by porcine umbilical cord (PUC) matrix cells. Reproductive Biology and Endrocrinology 4:8.
10. Carvalho MM, Teixeira FG, Reis RL, Sousa N, Salgado AJ (2011) Mesenchymal stem cells in the umbilical cord: phenotypic characterization, secretome and applications in central nervous system regenerative medicine. Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 6:221-28.
11. Corradetti B, Lange-Consiglio A, Cremonesi F, Bizzaro D (2008) Isolation, in vitro culture and characterization of foetal umbilical cord stem cells at birth. Veterinary Research Communications 32:139-142.
12. Corradetti B, Meuci A, Bizzaro D, Cremonesi F, Lange-Consiglio A (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells from amnion and amniotic fluid in the bovine. Reproduction 145:391-400.
13. Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R (2013) Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly to mesenchymal stem cells. Histology and Histopathology 28:1235-44.
14. Cortes Y, Ojeda M, Araya D, Dueñas F, Fernández MS, Peralta AO (2013) Isolation and multilineage differentiation of bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells from abattoir-derived bovine fetuses. BMC Veterinary Research 9:133.
15. Cremonesi F, Corradetti B, Lange-Consiglio A (2011) Fetal adnexa derived stem cells from domestic animal: progress and perspectives. Theriogenology 75:1400-15.
16. Cremonesi F, Violini S, Lange-Consiglio A, Ramelli P, Ranzenigo G, Mariani P (2008) Isolation, in vitro culture and characterization of foal umbilical cord stem cells at birth. Veterinary Research Communications 32:139-42.
17. De Miguel MP, Fuentes-Julián S, Blázquez-Martinez A, Pascual CY, Aller MA, Arias J, Arnalich-Montiel F (2012) Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells: advances and applications. Current Molecular Medicine 12:574-91
18. Ding DC, Shyu WC, Chiang MF, Lin SZ, Chang YC, Wang HJ, Su CY, Li H (2007) Enhancement of neuroplasticity through upregulation of beta1-integrin in human umbilical cord-derived stromal cell implanted stroke model. Neurobiology Disease 27:339-53.
19. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop DJ, Horwitz E (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for cellular therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8:315-17.
20. Fan CG, Zhang QJ, Zhou JR (2011) Therapeutic potentials of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord. Stem Cells Reviews and Reports 7:195-207.
21. Frausin S, Viventi S, Verga Falzacappa L, Quattromani MJ, Leanza G, Tommasini A, Valencic E (2015) Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stromal cells: Biological properties, induction of neuronal phenotype and current applications in neurodegeneration research. Acta Histochemica 117:329-38.
22. Fu YS, Cheng YC, Lin MY, Cheng H, Chu PM, Chou SC, Shih YH, Ko MH, Sung MS (2006) Conversion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton's jelly to dopaminergic neurons in vitro: potential therapeutic application for Parkinsonism. Stem Cells 24:115-24.
23. Gärtner A, Pereira T, Simões MJ, Armada-da-Silva PA, França ML, Sousa R, Bompasso S, Raimondo S, Shirosaki Y, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa S, Osakah A, Porto B, Luís AL, Varejão AS, Maurício AC (2012) Use of hybrid chitosan membranes and human mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton jelly of umbilical cord for promoting nerve regeneration in an axonotmesis rat model. Neural Regeneration Research 7:2247-58.
24. Geuna S, Raimondo S, Fregnan F, Haastert-Talini K, Grothe C (2016) In vitro models for peripheral nerve regeneration. European Journal of Neuroscience 43:287-96.
25. Gungjoo MB, Amarpal, Fazili MR, Shah RA, Sharma GT (2019) Mesenchymal stem cell: Basic research and potential applications in cattle and buffalo. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234:8618-35.
26. Hamilton N, Sabroe I, Stephen A. Renshaw SA (2018) A method for transplantation of human HSCs into zebrafish, to replace humanised murine transplantation models. F1000Research 7:594.
27. Iacono E, Merlo B (2015) Stem cells from foetal adnexa and fluid in domestic animals: an update on their features and clinical application. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 50:353-64.
28. Karahuseyinoglu S, Cinar O, Kilic E, Kara F, Akay GG, Demiralp DO, Tukun A, Uckan D, Can A (2007) Biology of the stem cells in human umbilical cord stroma: in situ and in vitro surveys. Stem Cells 25:319–31.
29. Lange-Consiglio A, Perrini C, Bertero A, Esposti P, Cremonesi F, Vincenti L (2016) Isolation, molecular characterization, and in vitro differentiation of bovine Wharton jelly–derived multipotent mesenchymal cells. Theriogenology 89:338-47.
30. Li T, Xia M, Gao Y, Chen Y, Xu Y (2015) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: an overview of their potential in cell-based therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 15:1293-1306.
31. Lu T, Huang Y, Wang H, Ma Y, Guan W (2011) Multi-lineage potential research of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) from cattle. Applied Biochemistry Biotechnology 172:21-35.
32. Mediano DR, Sanz-Rubio D, Ranera B, Bolea R, Martin-Burriel I (2015) The potential of mesenchymal stem cell in prion research. Zoonoses and Public Health 62:165-78.
33. Mukonoweshuro B, Brown CJF, Fisher J, Ingham E (2014) Immunogenicity of undifferentiated and differentiated allogenic mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Tissue Engineering 5:2041731414534255.
34. Oda Y, Tani K, Kanei T, Haraguchi T, Itamoto K, Nakazawa H, Taura Y (2013) Characterization of neuron-like cells derived from canine bone marrow stromal cells. Veterinary Research Communications 37:133-38.
35. Özmert E, Arslan U (2020) Management of retinitis pigmentosa by Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells: preliminary clinical results. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 11:25.
36. Pereira T, Gärtner A, Amorim I, Almeida A, Caseiro AR, Armada-da-Silva PA, Amado S, Fregnan F, Varejão AS, Santos JD, Bartolo PJ, Geuna S, Luís AL, Mauricio AC (2014) Promoting nerve regeneration in a neurotmesis rat model using poly (DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone) membranes and mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton's jelly: in vitro and in vivo analysis. BioMed Research International 2014:302659.
37. Pham PV, Truong NC, Le P T-B, Tran T D-X, Vu NB, Bui K H-T, Phan NK (2016) Isolation and proliferation of umbilical cord tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical applications. Cell Tissue Banking 17:289-302.
38. Poncelet AJ, Vercruysse J, Saliez A, Gianello P (2007) Although pig allogenic mesenchymal stem cells are not immunogenic in vivo, intracardiac injection elicits an immune response in vivo. Transplantation 83:783-90.
39. Prasanna SJ, Gopalakrishnan D, Shankar RS, Vasandan, AB (2010) Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ and TNFα, influence immune properties of human bone marrow and Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells differentially. PLoS One 5:e9016.
40. Raoufi MF, Tajik P, Dehghan MM, Eini F, Barin A (2011) Isolation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bovine umbilical cord blood. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 46:95-9.
41. Somal A, Bhat IA, Pudey S, Pauda Bs, Thakur N, Sarkar M, Chaudra V, Saikumar G, Sharma GT (2016) A comparative study of growth kinetics, in vitro differentiation potential and molecular characterization of fetal adnexa derived caprine mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 11:e015681.
42. Taghizadeh RR, Cetrulo KJ, Cetrulo CL (2011) Wharton's jelly stem cells: Future clinical applications. Placenta 32:311-15.
43. Troyer DL, Weiss ML (2008) Concise review: Wharton's Jelly-derived cells are primitive stromal cell population. Stem Cells 26:591-99.
44. Uranio MF, Valentini L, Lange-Consiglio A, Caira M, Guaricci AC, Lábbate A, Catachio CR, Ventura M, Cremonesi F, Del Aquila ME (2011) Isolation, proliferation, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization and in vitro differentiation potency of canine stem cells from foetal adnexa: a comparative study of amniotic fluid, amnion, and umbilical cord matrix. Molecular Reproduction and Development 78:361-73.
45. Weiss ML, Anderson C, Medicetty S, Seshareddy KB, Weiss RJ, VanderWerff I, Troyer D, McIntosh KR (2008) Immune Properties of human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly-derived cells. Stem Cells 26:2865-74.
46. Wu KJ, Yu SJ, Chiang CW, Lee YW, Yen BL, Hsu CS, Kuo LW, Wang Y (2018) Wharton' jelly mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for ischemic brain injury. Brain Circulation 4:124-127.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Baptistella, J. C., Colin Panegossi, L., Vilar Constantini, R., Cardoso, T. C., & Gameiro de Carvalho, R. (2022). A mini-review on bovine stromal mesenchymal cells sustainability and innovativeness. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 5(2), 2022007. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2022007

[1] Anzalone R, Lo Iacono M, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G (2010) New emerging potentials for human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells: immunological features and hepatocyte-like differentiate capacity. Stem Cells and Development 19:423–38.

[2] Baksh D, Song L, Tuan RS (2004) Adult mesenchymal stem cells: characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 8:301-16.

[3] Barczewska M, Grudniak M, Maksymowicz S, Siwek T, Ołdak T, Jezierska-Woźniak K, Gładysz D, Maksymowicz W (2019) Safety of intrathecal injection of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis therapy. Neural Regeneration Research 14:313-18.

[4] Bojanic C, To K, Zhang B, Mak C, Khan WS (2020) Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. World Journal of Stem Cells 12:288-302.

[5] Calloni R, Viegas GS, Turck P, Bonatto D, Henriques JAP (2014) Mesenchymal stromal cells from unconventional model organisms. Cytotherapy 16:3-16.

[6] Cardoso TC, Ferrari HF, Garcia AF, Novais JB, Silva-Frade C, Ferrarezi MC, Andrade AL, Gameiro R (2012a) Isolation and characterization of Wharton's jelly derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from bovine umbilical cord and maintained in a define serum-free three dimensional system. BMC Biotechnology 12:18.

[7] Cardoso TC, Novais JB, Antello TF, Silva-Frade C, Ferrarezi MC, Ferrari HF, Gameiro R, Flores EF (2012b) Susceptibility of neuron-like cells derived from bovine Wharton's jelly to bovine herpesvirus type 5 infections. BMC Veterinary Research 8:242.

[8] Cardoso TC, Okamura LH, Baptistella JC, Gameiro R, Ferreira HL, Marinho M, Flores EF (2017) Isolation, characterization and immunomodulatory-associated gene transcription of wharton's jelly-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells at different trimesters of cow pregnancy. Cell and Tissue Research 367:243-56.

[9] Carlin R, Davis D, Weiss M, Schuktz B, Troyer D (2006) Expression of early transcription factor Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog by porcine umbilical cord (PUC) matrix cells. Reproductive Biology and Endrocrinology 4:8.

[10] Carvalho MM, Teixeira FG, Reis RL, Sousa N, Salgado AJ (2011) Mesenchymal stem cells in the umbilical cord: phenotypic characterization, secretome and applications in central nervous system regenerative medicine. Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 6:221-28.

[11] Corradetti B, Lange-Consiglio A, Cremonesi F, Bizzaro D (2008) Isolation, in vitro culture and characterization of foetal umbilical cord stem cells at birth. Veterinary Research Communications 32:139-142.

[12] Corradetti B, Meuci A, Bizzaro D, Cremonesi F, Lange-Consiglio A (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells from amnion and amniotic fluid in the bovine. Reproduction 145:391-400.

[13] Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R (2013) Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly to mesenchymal stem cells. Histology and Histopathology 28:1235-44.

[14] Cortes Y, Ojeda M, Araya D, Dueñas F, Fernández MS, Peralta AO (2013) Isolation and multilineage differentiation of bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells from abattoir-derived bovine fetuses. BMC Veterinary Research 9:133.

[15] Cremonesi F, Corradetti B, Lange-Consiglio A (2011) Fetal adnexa derived stem cells from domestic animal: progress and perspectives. Theriogenology 75:1400-15.

[16] Cremonesi F, Violini S, Lange-Consiglio A, Ramelli P, Ranzenigo G, Mariani P (2008) Isolation, in vitro culture and characterization of foal umbilical cord stem cells at birth. Veterinary Research Communications 32:139-42.

[17] De Miguel MP, Fuentes-Julián S, Blázquez-Martinez A, Pascual CY, Aller MA, Arias J, Arnalich-Montiel F (2012) Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells: advances and applications. Current Molecular Medicine 12:574-91

[18] Ding DC, Shyu WC, Chiang MF, Lin SZ, Chang YC, Wang HJ, Su CY, Li H (2007) Enhancement of neuroplasticity through upregulation of beta1-integrin in human umbilical cord-derived stromal cell implanted stroke model. Neurobiology Disease 27:339-53.

[19] Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop DJ, Horwitz E (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for cellular therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8:315-17.

[20] Fan CG, Zhang QJ, Zhou JR (2011) Therapeutic potentials of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord. Stem Cells Reviews and Reports 7:195-207.

[21] Frausin S, Viventi S, Verga Falzacappa L, Quattromani MJ, Leanza G, Tommasini A, Valencic E (2015) Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stromal cells: Biological properties, induction of neuronal phenotype and current applications in neurodegeneration research. Acta Histochemica 117:329-38.

[22] Fu YS, Cheng YC, Lin MY, Cheng H, Chu PM, Chou SC, Shih YH, Ko MH, Sung MS (2006) Conversion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton's jelly to dopaminergic neurons in vitro: potential therapeutic application for Parkinsonism. Stem Cells 24:115-24.

[23] Gärtner A, Pereira T, Simões MJ, Armada-da-Silva PA, França ML, Sousa R, Bompasso S, Raimondo S, Shirosaki Y, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa S, Osakah A, Porto B, Luís AL, Varejão AS, Maurício AC (2012) Use of hybrid chitosan membranes and human mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton jelly of umbilical cord for promoting nerve regeneration in an axonotmesis rat model. Neural Regeneration Research 7:2247-58.

[24] Geuna S, Raimondo S, Fregnan F, Haastert-Talini K, Grothe C (2016) In vitro models for peripheral nerve regeneration. European Journal of Neuroscience 43:287-96.

[25] Gungjoo MB, Amarpal, Fazili MR, Shah RA, Sharma GT (2019) Mesenchymal stem cell: Basic research and potential applications in cattle and buffalo. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234:8618-35.

[26] Hamilton N, Sabroe I, Stephen A. Renshaw SA (2018) A method for transplantation of human HSCs into zebrafish, to replace humanised murine transplantation models. F1000Research 7:594.

[27] Iacono E, Merlo B (2015) Stem cells from foetal adnexa and fluid in domestic animals: an update on their features and clinical application. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 50:353-64.

[28] Karahuseyinoglu S, Cinar O, Kilic E, Kara F, Akay GG, Demiralp DO, Tukun A, Uckan D, Can A (2007) Biology of the stem cells in human umbilical cord stroma: in situ and in vitro surveys. Stem Cells 25:319–31.

[29] Lange-Consiglio A, Perrini C, Bertero A, Esposti P, Cremonesi F, Vincenti L (2016) Isolation, molecular characterization, and in vitro differentiation of bovine Wharton jelly–derived multipotent mesenchymal cells. Theriogenology 89:338-47.

[30] Li T, Xia M, Gao Y, Chen Y, Xu Y (2015) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: an overview of their potential in cell-based therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 15:1293-1306.

[31] Lu T, Huang Y, Wang H, Ma Y, Guan W (2011) Multi-lineage potential research of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) from cattle. Applied Biochemistry Biotechnology 172:21-35.

[32] Mediano DR, Sanz-Rubio D, Ranera B, Bolea R, Martin-Burriel I (2015) The potential of mesenchymal stem cell in prion research. Zoonoses and Public Health 62:165-78.

[33] Mukonoweshuro B, Brown CJF, Fisher J, Ingham E (2014) Immunogenicity of undifferentiated and differentiated allogenic mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Tissue Engineering 5:2041731414534255.

[34] Oda Y, Tani K, Kanei T, Haraguchi T, Itamoto K, Nakazawa H, Taura Y (2013) Characterization of neuron-like cells derived from canine bone marrow stromal cells. Veterinary Research Communications 37:133-38.

[35] Özmert E, Arslan U (2020) Management of retinitis pigmentosa by Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells: preliminary clinical results. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 11:25.

[36] Pereira T, Gärtner A, Amorim I, Almeida A, Caseiro AR, Armada-da-Silva PA, Amado S, Fregnan F, Varejão AS, Santos JD, Bartolo PJ, Geuna S, Luís AL, Mauricio AC (2014) Promoting nerve regeneration in a neurotmesis rat model using poly (DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone) membranes and mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton's jelly: in vitro and in vivo analysis. BioMed Research International 2014:302659.

[37] Pham PV, Truong NC, Le P T-B, Tran T D-X, Vu NB, Bui K H-T, Phan NK (2016) Isolation and proliferation of umbilical cord tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical applications. Cell Tissue Banking 17:289-302.

[38] Poncelet AJ, Vercruysse J, Saliez A, Gianello P (2007) Although pig allogenic mesenchymal stem cells are not immunogenic in vivo, intracardiac injection elicits an immune response in vivo. Transplantation 83:783-90.

[39] Prasanna SJ, Gopalakrishnan D, Shankar RS, Vasandan, AB (2010) Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ and TNFα, influence immune properties of human bone marrow and Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells differentially. PLoS One 5:e9016.

[40] Raoufi MF, Tajik P, Dehghan MM, Eini F, Barin A (2011) Isolation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bovine umbilical cord blood. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 46:95-9.

[41] Somal A, Bhat IA, Pudey S, Pauda Bs, Thakur N, Sarkar M, Chaudra V, Saikumar G, Sharma GT (2016) A comparative study of growth kinetics, in vitro differentiation potential and molecular characterization of fetal adnexa derived caprine mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 11:e015681.

[42] Taghizadeh RR, Cetrulo KJ, Cetrulo CL (2011) Wharton's jelly stem cells: Future clinical applications. Placenta 32:311-15.

[43] Troyer DL, Weiss ML (2008) Concise review: Wharton's Jelly-derived cells are primitive stromal cell population. Stem Cells 26:591-99.

[44] Uranio MF, Valentini L, Lange-Consiglio A, Caira M, Guaricci AC, Lábbate A, Catachio CR, Ventura M, Cremonesi F, Del Aquila ME (2011) Isolation, proliferation, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization and in vitro differentiation potency of canine stem cells from foetal adnexa: a comparative study of amniotic fluid, amnion, and umbilical cord matrix. Molecular Reproduction and Development 78:361-73.

[45] Weiss ML, Anderson C, Medicetty S, Seshareddy KB, Weiss RJ, VanderWerff I, Troyer D, McIntosh KR (2008) Immune Properties of human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly-derived cells. Stem Cells 26:2865-74.

[46] Wu KJ, Yu SJ, Chiang CW, Lee YW, Yen BL, Hsu CS, Kuo LW, Wang Y (2018) Wharton' jelly mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for ischemic brain injury. Brain Circulation 4:124-127.

Abstract

References

How to cite