• Abstract

    Secondary Infections (SIs) refer to infections that occur in addition to the initial Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. These SI can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other viruses and they can complicate the clinical course of the disease, leading to worse outcomes. The purpose of the study is to describe the incidence as well as danger factors for SIs in people with COVID-19 diagnoses. This statement describes the methodology used in an ensemble study of COVID-19 individuals who were hospitalized at Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), from February to April 2020, San Raffaele Hospital. In the study's 731 individuals, 68 had SIs, which resulted in an overall 28-day cumulative frequency and risk factors. Infections with gram-positive bacteria, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococcus have been accountable for most bloodstream infections (BSIs), but gram-negative pathogens, such Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli, were less frequent. Eleven people were identified in the investigation as possibly suffering from significant aspergillosis. Following the very first 48 hours following residential therapy, the individual was brought to the Intensive-Care Unit (ICU) due to an insufficient initial lymphocytes level. The finding that early need for ICU has been connected to a higher chance of developing infections in the future highlights the importance of prompt and appropriate treatment for individuals with serious COVID-19.

  • References

    1. Chaudhry, F., Bulka, H., Rathnam, A.S., Said, O.M., Lin, J., Lorigan, H., Bernitsas, E., Rube, J., Korzeniewski, S.J., Memon, A.B. & Levy, P.D., (2020). COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis patients and risk factors for severe infection. Journal of the neurological sciences, 418, p.117147. 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117147
    2. Covid, C.D.C., Team, R., Burrer, S.L., de Perio, M.A., Hughes, M.M., Kuhar, D.T., Luckhaupt, S.E., McDaniel, C.J., Porter, R.M., Silk, B. & Stuckey, M.J., (2020). Characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19—United States, February 12–April 9, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(15), p.477.10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9666
    3. Cox, M.J., Loman, N., Bogaert, D. & O'Grady, J., (2020). Co-infections: potentially lethal and unexplored in COVID-19. The Lancet Microbe, 1(1), p.e11. 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30009-4
    4. Cueto-Manzano, A.M., Espinel-Bermúdez, M.C., Hernández-González, S.O., Rojas-Campos, E., Nava-Zavala, A.H., Fuentes-Orozco, C., Balderas-Peña, L.M.A., González-Ojeda, A., Cortes-Sanabria, L., Mireles-Ramírez, M.A. & Ramírez-Márquez, J.J., (2021). Risk factors for mortality of adult patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in an emerging country: a cohort study. BMJ open, 11(7), p.e050321. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050321
    5. Dev, N., Kumar, V. & Sankar, J., (2020). COVID-19 infection outbreak among health care workers: a perspective from a low-middle income country. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 90(3). 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1474
    6. Ghosh, A., Gupta, R. & Misra, A., (2020). Telemedicine for diabetes care in India during COVID-19 pandemic and national lockdown period: guidelines for physicians. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), pp.273-276. 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.001
    7. Hu, P., Ma, M., Jing, Q., Ma, Y., Gan, L., Chen, Y., Liu, J., Wang, D., Zhang, Z. & Zhang, D., (2021). Retrospective study identifies infection-related risk factors in close contact during the COVID-19 epidemic. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 103, pp.395-401. 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.011
    8. Lai, X., Wang, M., Qin, C., Tan, L., Ran, L., Chen, D., Zhang, H., Shang, K., Xia, C., Wang, S. & Xu, S., (2020) Coronavirus disease (2019) (COVID-2019) infection among healthcare workers and implications for prevention measures in a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, China. JAMA network open, 3(5), e209666-e209666. 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1474
    9. Li, F., Li, Y.Y., Liu, M.J., Fang, L.Q., Dean, N.E., Wong, G.W., Yang, X.B., Longini, I., Halloran, M.E., Wang, H.J. & Liu, P.L., (2021). Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors forsusceptibility and infectivity in Wuhan: a retrospective observational study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(5), pp.617-628. 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30981-6
    10. Pérez-Granda, M.J., Carrillo, C.S., Rabadán, P.M., Valerio, M., Olmedo, M., Muñoz, P. & Bouza, E., (2022). Increase in the frequency of catheter-related bloodstream infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a plea for control. Journal of Hospital Infection, 119, pp.149-154. 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.020
    11. Qin, Z., Shi, L., Xue, Y., Lin, H., Zhang, J., Liang, P., Lu, Z., Wu, M., Chen, Y., Zheng, X. & Qian, Y., (2021). Prevalence and risk factors associated with self-reported psychological distress among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. JAMA network open, 4(1), e2035487-e2035487. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35487
    12. Vijay, S., Bansal, N., Rao, B.K., Veeraraghavan, B., Rodrigues, C., Wattal, C., Goyal, J.P., Tadepalli, K., Mathur, P., Venkateswaran, R. & Venkatasubramanian, R., (2021). Secondary infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Indian experience. Infection and drug resistance, pp.1893-1903.10.2147/IDR.S299774
    13. World Health Organization, (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report-1. 21 January 2020. 2020. 10.3390/jcm9020330
    14. Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Li, X., Chen, H., Guo, M., Chen, S., Sun, F. & Mao, R., (2020). Risks and features of secondary infections in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients. Emerging microbes & infections, 9(1), pp.1958-1964. 10.1080/22221751.2020.1812437
    15. Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X. & Guan, L., (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet, 395(10229), pp.1054-1062. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2023 Malque Publishing

How to cite

Pethe, V., Nidode, P., Hariharan, A. S., Abraham, F., John, B. K., & Revathi, R. (2024). Study on frequency and risk factors for secondary infections among COVID-19 individuals. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 6, 2023ss011. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2023ss011
  • Article viewed - 151
  • PDF downloaded - 81