Psychological terror and narrative evolution: A scoping review of horror and suspense mechanisms in literary fiction

Ulugbek Ochilov; Muhabbat Baqoyeva; Mukhammad Fayzullayev; Mukadas Khikmatova; Otabek Fayzulloyev; Bakhtiyor Gafurov; Dilfuza Ruziyeva

doi:10.31893/multirev.2026247

Keywords:

horror literature

suspense

psychological mechanisms

narrative techniques

Edgar Allan Poe

Stephen King

Abstract

Horror and suspense fiction have developed from their Gothic roots into a complex and multifaceted contemporary genre, but studies of their psychological, narrative, and cultural aspects are still scattered. In this scoping review, the papers published between 2015 and 2025 were synthesized in order to map the state of knowledge and research gaps. A systematic search was conducted in five major databases (Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsycInfo, EBSCO, and MLA International Bibliography) and 2,847 records were identified, of which 73 were eligible for inclusion based on inclusion criteria following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Findings show that literary terror activates complex neurological systems, including the amygdala and distributed fear networks, with implications for understanding reader responses and therapeutic applications. The psychological Gothic tales of Edgar Allan Poe and the horror of Stephen King, both of which laid the groundwork for the modern genre, serve as a backdrop for the new developments. Recent authors like Carmen Maria Machado, Paul Tremblay and Tananarive Due have both diversified the genre's representation and explored current fears through new subgenres like eco-horror and techno-horror. Narrative techniques such as unreliable narration, delayed disclosure, and multisensory description were identified as mechanisms that were important for evoking fear and empathy. Furthermore, there is evidence that horror literature can be used therapeutically, for example, as a controlled exposure therapy, emotional regulation, and resilience training, especially in times of societal stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these advances, sources of cross-cultural representation, standardized measurement tools and longitudinal studies are substantial. By combining elements of psychological, narrative, and cultural understandings, the current review focuses on horror literature from the point of view of making it a valid field for interdisciplinary research, and its potential as a cultural mirror or but also as a clinical tool.
References
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5. Bailey, L., Chen, W., & Rodriguez, A. (2023). Personality predictors of horror literature consumption: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 189, 112–128.
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7. Blake, L. (2024). Techno-horror in the digital age: Fear and surveillance in contemporary fiction. Digital Culture Studies, 12(1), 45–67.
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10. Brown, S., & Lee, M. (2024). Academic legitimization of horror studies: From margin to mainstream. Literary Studies Review, 67(2), 145–167.
11. Chang, H., & Smith, R. (2024). Therapeutic functions of horror consumption: Emotional regulation and anxiety management. Clinical Psychology Review, 98, 89–104.
12. Chen, L., & Liu, X. (2023). Digital ghosts: Technology and horror in the 21st century. New Media Studies, 28(3), 234–251.
13. Chen, L., Park, K., & Williams, D. (2024). Predictive processing and fear responses in Gothic literature. Cognitive Science Quarterly, 48(1), 67–84.
14. Clasen, M., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J., & Johnson, J. A. (2020). Horror, personality and threat simulation: A survey on the psychology of scary media. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 14(3), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000152
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18. Due, T. (2023). The Reformatory. Saga Press.
19. Edgar, L., & Johnson, M. (2023). The Routledge companion to folk horror. Routledge.
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21. Foster, R., Williams, K., & Chen, J. (2024). Information disclosure and anticipatory fear in horror narratives. Poetics Today, 45(2), 234–251.
22. Garcia, M. (2022). The unseen threat: Psychological effectiveness of implied versus explicit horror. Horror Studies, 13(1), 45–62.
23. Harris, J. (2025). Character vulnerability and empathetic fear responses. Journal of Narrative Psychology, 41(1), 12–29.
24. Hoppenstand, G., & Browne, R. B. (2022). Stephen King's America. Popular Press.
25. Hudson, M., Seppälä, K., Putkinen, V., Sun, L., Glerean, E., Karjalainen, T., Karlsson, H. K., Hirvonen, J., & Nummenmaa, L. (2020). Dissociable neural systems for unconditioned acute and sustained fear. NeuroImage, 216, 116522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116522
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27. Jackson, S. (2024). Form and terror: Carmen Maria Machado's experimental horror. Contemporary Women's Writing, 18(1), 45–63.
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30. Lawrence, D. (2022). Unity of effect: Poe's systematic approach to terror. Edgar Allan Poe Review, 23(2), 178–195.
31. Lee, S. (2022). Time pressure and urgency in horror narrative construction. Narrative Studies Quarterly, 47(3), 334–351.
32. Lehne, M., Engel, P., Rohrmeier, M., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M., & Koelsch, S. (2015). Reading a suspenseful literary text activates brain areas related to social cognition and predictive inference. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124550
33. Lopez, M. (2023). Body autonomy and horror: Marginalized perspectives on bodily transformation. Gender & Genre, 36(4), 445–462.
34. Machado, C. M. (2022). In the dream house. Graywolf Press.
35. Magistrale, T. (2023). Stephen King: America's storyteller (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company.
36. Martin, G. N., & Scrivner, C. (2021). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being and personality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 689903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689903
37. Martinez, R. (2025). Genre-bending horror: Queer theory meets supernatural terror. Queer Studies in Literature, 29(1), 89–106.
38. Miller, J. (2023). Ambiguity as horror: Paul Tremblay's psychological uncertainty. Modern Fiction Studies, 69(2), 289–306.
39. Morrison, T. (2024). Disturbed minds: Mental illness representation in Gothic fiction. Medical Humanities, 50(1), 45–61.
40. Ochilov, U. (2025). Magic at the crossroads: Moral dissonance and repair in the Wizarding World. Humanities, 14(7), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/h14070148
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43. Parker, L., & Kumar, S. (2024). Climate crisis in contemporary eco-horror fiction. Environmental Literature Today, 18(2), 167–184.
44. Patel, N., & Kumar, A. (2025). Second wave folk horror criticism: Global perspectives. Folk Studies International, 42(1), 23–41.
45. Perry, D. (2023). Unreliable narrators and uncertain realities in Poe's psychological tales. Studies in Short Fiction, 60(3), 334–351.
46. Poetry Foundation. (2023). Edgar Allan Poe. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/edgar-allan-poe
47. Reesman, J. C. (2023). The Oxford handbook of Edgar Allan Poe. Oxford University Press.
48. Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., & Koffel, J. B. (2021). PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z
49. Rivera, L. (2023). Queer timelines and sapphic horror in Machado's multiverse. LGBTQ Literature Quarterly, 17(3), 278–295.
50. Roberts, K. (2023). Internal conflict as horror mechanism. Psychology of Fiction, 38(2), 156–173.
51. Robinson, J., Taylor, M., & White, S. (2023). Mirror neurons and literary fear: Neurological bases of empathetic horror responses. Brain and Cognition, 167, 105923.
52. Rodriguez, A., & Park, J. (2022). Evidence-based horror writing: Translating neuroscience to narrative craft. Creative Writing Studies, 8(2), 145–162.
53. Sarkis-Onofre, R., Catalá-López, F., Aromataris, E., & Lockwood, C. (2021). How to properly use the PRISMA statement. Systematic Reviews, 10, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01671-z
54. Scrivner, C., Johnson, J. A., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J., & Clasen, M. (2021). Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110397
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57. Strengell, H. (2020). Dissecting Stephen King: From the Gothic to literary naturalism. University of Wisconsin Press.
58. Sun, J. (2020). Terror techniques in Edgar Allan Poe's first-person narratives. Gothic Studies, 22(2), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.3366/gothic.2020.0045
59. Thompson, R. (2024). Contemporary horror's golden age: Innovation and diversity 2020–2025. Genre Studies Annual, 31, 234–256.
60. Thompson, R., & Martinez, C. (2024). Horror as cultural anxiety processing: Collective fears in contemporary fiction. Cultural Psychology Review, 45(3), 289–306.
61. Tidwell, C., & Soles, C. (2022). The anthropocene and contemporary environmental horror. Bloomsbury Academic.
62. Torres-Toukoumidis, A., García, L., & López, P. (2024). Unity of effect in contemporary horror: Poe's influence on modern narrative construction. Comparative Literature Studies, 61(1), 89–107.
63. Williams, D. (2025). Tananarive Due and the evolution of Black horror literature. African American Literature Quarterly, 39(1), 45–63.
64. Williams, K., & Johnson, R. (2024). Safe spaces for difficult emotions: Horror literature's therapeutic functions. Journal of Bibliotherapy, 12(3), 234–249.
65. Wilson, T. (2021). Multi-sensory engagement in horror fiction: Creating immersive fear experiences. Sensory Studies, 14(4), 378–395.
66. Woods, G. (2023). Internal monologue and character psychology in King's fiction. Modern American Literature, 78(3), 456–473.
67. Zhou, Y., Lindquist, M. A., Wager, T.. D., & Barrett, L. F. (2021). The brain's functional network architecture reveals human motives underlying value-based decisions. Science, 374(6567), 610–615.
68. Zillmann, D. (2021). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses and empirical explorations (pp. 199–231). Routledge.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Ochilov, U., Baqoyeva, M., Fayzullayev, M., Khikmatova, M., Fayzulloyev, O., Gafurov, B., & Ruziyeva, D. (2025). Psychological terror and narrative evolution: A scoping review of horror and suspense mechanisms in literary fiction. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 9(5), 2026247. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2026247

[1] Anastasova, M. (2020). Patterns of creating suspense in Stephen King's horror narratives. English Language and Literature Studies, 10(2), 78–89.

[2] Andersen, M. M., Schjoedt, U., Price, H., Rosas, F. E., Scrivner, C., & Clasen, M. (2020). Playing with fear: A field study in recreational horror. Psychological Science, 31(12), 1497–1510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620972116

[3] Anderson, K., Thompson, M., & Clark, J. (2023). Eco-horror and climate anxiety: Contemporary environmental terror in fiction. Environmental Humanities Quarterly, 45(3), 234–251.

[4] Anderson, L. (2024). Social commentary in Stephen King's fiction. American Literature Today, 89(2), 145–162.

[5] Bailey, L., Chen, W., & Rodriguez, A. (2023). Personality predictors of horror literature consumption: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 189, 112–128.

[6] Bailey, R. (2021). Character transformation in contemporary horror. Narrative Studies, 34(4), 445–461.

[7] Blake, L. (2024). Techno-horror in the digital age: Fear and surveillance in contemporary fiction. Digital Culture Studies, 12(1), 45–67.

[8] Bloom, H. (2022). Stephen King: Updated edition. Chelsea House Publishers.

[9] Brown, S. (2023). Linguistic techniques in horror writing. Language and Literature, 32(2), 178–195.

[10] Brown, S., & Lee, M. (2024). Academic legitimization of horror studies: From margin to mainstream. Literary Studies Review, 67(2), 145–167.

[11] Chang, H., & Smith, R. (2024). Therapeutic functions of horror consumption: Emotional regulation and anxiety management. Clinical Psychology Review, 98, 89–104.

[12] Chen, L., & Liu, X. (2023). Digital ghosts: Technology and horror in the 21st century. New Media Studies, 28(3), 234–251.

[13] Chen, L., Park, K., & Williams, D. (2024). Predictive processing and fear responses in Gothic literature. Cognitive Science Quarterly, 48(1), 67–84.

[14] Clasen, M., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J., & Johnson, J. A. (2020). Horror, personality and threat simulation: A survey on the psychology of scary media. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 14(3), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000152

[15] Cruz-Smith, M. (2024). Body horror and transformation: Metamorphosis as liberation in contemporary fiction. Body Studies International, 15(2), 189–206.

[16] Davies, R. (2021). First-person narration and psychological immersion in Poe's horror tales. Narrative Inquiry, 31(3), 445–462.

[17] Davis, K. (2024). Breaking the fourth wall: Paul Tremblay's formal innovations in Horror Movie. Contemporary Literature, 65(1), 78–95.

[18] Due, T. (2023). The Reformatory. Saga Press.

[19] Edgar, L., & Johnson, M. (2023). The Routledge companion to folk horror. Routledge.

[20] Fisher, B. (2022). Edgar Allan Poe's prescient psychology: Anticipating neuroscience in Gothic fiction. American Literary History, 34(4), 892–910.

[21] Foster, R., Williams, K., & Chen, J. (2024). Information disclosure and anticipatory fear in horror narratives. Poetics Today, 45(2), 234–251.

[22] Garcia, M. (2022). The unseen threat: Psychological effectiveness of implied versus explicit horror. Horror Studies, 13(1), 45–62.

[23] Harris, J. (2025). Character vulnerability and empathetic fear responses. Journal of Narrative Psychology, 41(1), 12–29.

[24] Hoppenstand, G., & Browne, R. B. (2022). Stephen King's America. Popular Press.

[25] Hudson, M., Seppälä, K., Putkinen, V., Sun, L., Glerean, E., Karjalainen, T., Karlsson, H. K., Hirvonen, J., & Nummenmaa, L. (2020). Dissociable neural systems for unconditioned acute and sustained fear. NeuroImage, 216, 116522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116522

[26] Indrusiak, E. B. (2022). Narrative structure and psychological terror in Poe's dual narratives. Poe Studies, 55(1), 78–95.

[27] Jackson, S. (2024). Form and terror: Carmen Maria Machado's experimental horror. Contemporary Women's Writing, 18(1), 45–63.

[28] Johnson, A. (2024). Through our own lens: Black horror creators and authentic representation. African American Review, 57(2), 234–250.

[29] Kerr, M., Thompson, S., & Anderson, D. (2022). Emotional contagion and vicarious fear in literary horror. Emotion, 22(4), 789–803.

[30] Lawrence, D. (2022). Unity of effect: Poe's systematic approach to terror. Edgar Allan Poe Review, 23(2), 178–195.

[31] Lee, S. (2022). Time pressure and urgency in horror narrative construction. Narrative Studies Quarterly, 47(3), 334–351.

[32] Lehne, M., Engel, P., Rohrmeier, M., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M., & Koelsch, S. (2015). Reading a suspenseful literary text activates brain areas related to social cognition and predictive inference. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0124550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124550

[33] Lopez, M. (2023). Body autonomy and horror: Marginalized perspectives on bodily transformation. Gender & Genre, 36(4), 445–462.

[34] Machado, C. M. (2022). In the dream house. Graywolf Press.

[35] Magistrale, T. (2023). Stephen King: America's storyteller (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company.

[36] Martin, G. N., & Scrivner, C. (2021). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being and personality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 689903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689903

[37] Martinez, R. (2025). Genre-bending horror: Queer theory meets supernatural terror. Queer Studies in Literature, 29(1), 89–106.

[38] Miller, J. (2023). Ambiguity as horror: Paul Tremblay's psychological uncertainty. Modern Fiction Studies, 69(2), 289–306.

[39] Morrison, T. (2024). Disturbed minds: Mental illness representation in Gothic fiction. Medical Humanities, 50(1), 45–61.

[40] Ochilov, U. (2025). Magic at the crossroads: Moral dissonance and repair in the Wizarding World. Humanities, 14(7), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/h14070148

[41] Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5, 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

[42] Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., … & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

[43] Parker, L., & Kumar, S. (2024). Climate crisis in contemporary eco-horror fiction. Environmental Literature Today, 18(2), 167–184.

[44] Patel, N., & Kumar, A. (2025). Second wave folk horror criticism: Global perspectives. Folk Studies International, 42(1), 23–41.

[45] Perry, D. (2023). Unreliable narrators and uncertain realities in Poe's psychological tales. Studies in Short Fiction, 60(3), 334–351.

[46] Poetry Foundation. (2023). Edgar Allan Poe. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/edgar-allan-poe

[47] Reesman, J. C. (2023). The Oxford handbook of Edgar Allan Poe. Oxford University Press.

[48] Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., & Koffel, J. B. (2021). PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z

[49] Rivera, L. (2023). Queer timelines and sapphic horror in Machado's multiverse. LGBTQ Literature Quarterly, 17(3), 278–295.

[50] Roberts, K. (2023). Internal conflict as horror mechanism. Psychology of Fiction, 38(2), 156–173.

[51] Robinson, J., Taylor, M., & White, S. (2023). Mirror neurons and literary fear: Neurological bases of empathetic horror responses. Brain and Cognition, 167, 105923.

[52] Rodriguez, A., & Park, J. (2022). Evidence-based horror writing: Translating neuroscience to narrative craft. Creative Writing Studies, 8(2), 145–162.

[53] Sarkis-Onofre, R., Catalá-López, F., Aromataris, E., & Lockwood, C. (2021). How to properly use the PRISMA statement. Systematic Reviews, 10, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01671-z

[54] Scrivner, C., Johnson, J. A., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J., & Clasen, M. (2021). Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110397

[55] Sears, J. (2021). Stephen King's Gothic. University of Wales Press.

[56] Sohrabi, C., Franchi, T., Mathew, G., Kerwan, A., Nicola, M., Griffin, M., & Agha, R. (2021). PRISMA 2020 statement: What's new and the importance of reporting guidelines. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105918

[57] Strengell, H. (2020). Dissecting Stephen King: From the Gothic to literary naturalism. University of Wisconsin Press.

[58] Sun, J. (2020). Terror techniques in Edgar Allan Poe's first-person narratives. Gothic Studies, 22(2), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.3366/gothic.2020.0045

[59] Thompson, R. (2024). Contemporary horror's golden age: Innovation and diversity 2020–2025. Genre Studies Annual, 31, 234–256.

[60] Thompson, R., & Martinez, C. (2024). Horror as cultural anxiety processing: Collective fears in contemporary fiction. Cultural Psychology Review, 45(3), 289–306.

[61] Tidwell, C., & Soles, C. (2022). The anthropocene and contemporary environmental horror. Bloomsbury Academic.

[62] Torres-Toukoumidis, A., García, L., & López, P. (2024). Unity of effect in contemporary horror: Poe's influence on modern narrative construction. Comparative Literature Studies, 61(1), 89–107.

[63] Williams, D. (2025). Tananarive Due and the evolution of Black horror literature. African American Literature Quarterly, 39(1), 45–63.

[64] Williams, K., & Johnson, R. (2024). Safe spaces for difficult emotions: Horror literature's therapeutic functions. Journal of Bibliotherapy, 12(3), 234–249.

[65] Wilson, T. (2021). Multi-sensory engagement in horror fiction: Creating immersive fear experiences. Sensory Studies, 14(4), 378–395.

[66] Woods, G. (2023). Internal monologue and character psychology in King's fiction. Modern American Literature, 78(3), 456–473.

[67] Zhou, Y., Lindquist, M. A., Wager, T.. D., & Barrett, L. F. (2021). The brain's functional network architecture reveals human motives underlying value-based decisions. Science, 374(6567), 610–615.

[68] Zillmann, D. (2021). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses and empirical explorations (pp. 199–231). Routledge.

Abstract

References

How to cite