Animal welfare: impacts of pre-slaughter operations on the current poultry industry

Natália Cristina Benincasa; Karina Suemi Sakamoto; Iran José Oliveira da Silva; Cristian Marcelo Villegas Lobos

doi:10.31893/jabb.20014

Keywords:

broiler production

chicken meat

transport

Abstract

The pre-slaughter operations are characterized by all the steps after the phase of raising at the farm until hanging of birds on the slaughter line, and this period is relatively faster than the farm phase. Nevertheless, this phase can cause acute stress in broilers, due to the direct handling of the birds at catching and by offering unknown stressful stimuli to the birds during transportation, lairage and hanging on the slaughter line. Other stressful factors such as handling the bird, crating density, impacts on live load, distance and duration of transport between farm and slaughterhouse, and microclimatic conditions in transport and lairage affect the welfare and, consequently, the meat quality of broiler chickens. The effects of these losses will be felt by all sectors of poultry farming. For all these factors, it is important that the poultry production chain be aligned in the near future to meet the external and internal consumers’ requirements regarding animal welfare. Therefore, the aim of this review is to address the main critical points, which affect the welfare of broilers during pre-slaughter operations in intensive production systems.
References
1. Abeyesinghe SM, Wathes CM, Nicol CJ, Randall JM (2001) The aversion of broiler chickens to concurrent vibrational and thermal stressors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73:199-215.
2. Abreu VMN, Abreu PG (2011) Os desafios da ambiência sobre os sistemas de aves no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40:1-14.
3. Aristides LGA, Dognani R, Lopes CF, Silva LGS, Shimokomaki M (2007) Diagnósticos de condenação que afetam a produtividade da carne de frangos brasileira. Revista Nacional da Carne 22:22-28.
4. Barbosa Filho JA, Queiroz ML, Brasil DDF, Vieira F, Silva IJ (2014) Transport of broilers: load microclimate during Brazilian summer. Engenharia Agrícola 34:405-412.
5. Barbosa Filho JAD, Vieira FMC, Silva IJOD, Garcia DDB, Silva MAND, Fonseca BHF (2009) Transporte de frangos: caracterização do microclima na carga durante o inverno. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38:2442-2446.
6. Bayliss PA, Hinton MH (1990) Transportation of broilers with special reference to mortality rates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28:93-118.
7. Bedanova I, Voslarova E, Chloupek P, Pistekova V, Suchy P, Blahova J, Dobsikova R, Vecerek V (2007) Stress in broilers resulting from shackling. Poultry Science 86:1065-1069.
8. Bianchi M, Petracci M, Cavani C (2005) Effects of transport and lairage on mortality, liveweight loss and carcass quality in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 4:516-518.
9. Bonamigo A, Bonamigo CBDSS, Molento CFM (2012) Atribuições da carne de frango relevantes ao consumidor: foco no bem-estar animal. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 41:1044-1050.
10. Campos EJ (2000) O comportamento das aves. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 2:93-113.
11. Carlyle WWH, Guise HJ, Cook P (1997) Effect of time between farm loading and processing on carcase quality of broiler chickens. The Veterinary Record 141:364.
12. Carvalho GBD, Lopes JB, Santos NPDS, Reis NBDN, Carvalho WF, Silva SF, Carvalho DA, Silva MS, Mayron S (2013) Comportamento de frangos de corte criados em condições de estresse térmico alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de selênio. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 14:4.
13. Carvalho RH, Soares AL, Grespan M, Spurio RS, Coró FAG, Oba A, Shimokomaki M (2015) The effects of the dark house system on growth, performance and meat quality of broiler chicken. Animal Science Journal 86:189-193.
14. Chauvin C, Hillion S, Balaine L, Michel V, Peraste J, Petetin I, Lupo C, Le Bouquin S (2011) Factors associated with mortality of broilers during transport to slaughterhouse. Animal 5:287-293.
15. Costa F, Prata LF, Pereira GT (2007) Influência das condições de pré-abate na incidência de contusões em frango de corte. Revista Veterinária e Zootecnia 14:234-245.
16. Dadgar S, Lee ES, Leer TLV, Crowe TG, Classen HL, Shand PJ (2011) Effect of acute cold exposure, age, sex, and lairage on broiler breast meat quality. Poultry Science 90:444-457.
17. EFSA (2012) European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport. EFSA Journal 9:1966–2091.
18. Elrom K (2000) Handling and transportation of chickens; welfare, stress, fear and meat quality: Part V: Transport to the slaughterhouse. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 56:1-3.
19. Grandin T (2009) Poultry slaughter plant and farm audit: critical points for bird welfare. Dr. Temple Grandin's Website. https://www.grandin.com/poultry.audit.html. Accessed on: June 23, 2016.
20. Grandin T (2015) Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach. CAB International, Boston.
21. Gregory NG, Austin SD (1992) Causes of trauma in broilers arriving dead at poultry processing plants. The Veterinary Record 131:501-503.
22. Grilli C, Loschi AR, Rea S, Stocchi R, Leoni L, Conti F (2015) Welfare indicators during broiler slaughtering. British Poultry Science 56:1-5.
23. Jacobs L, Delezie E, Duchateau L, Goethals K, Tuyttens FA (2016a) Impact of the separate pre-slaughter stages on broiler chicken welfare. Poultry Science 96:266-273.
24. Jacobs L, Delezie E, Duchateau L, Goethals K, Tuyttens FA (2016b) Broiler chickens dead on arrival: associated risk factors and welfare indicators. Poultry Science 96:259-265.
25. Jones RB, Satterlee DG (1997) Restricted visual input reduces struggling in shackled broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:109-117.
26. Kettlewell PJ (1989) Physiological aspects of broiler transportation. World’s Poultry Science Journal 46:219-227.
27. Kettlewell PJ, Hoxey RP, Mitchell MA (2000) Heat produced by broiler chickens in a commercial transport vehicle. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 75:315-326.
28. Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Nafstad O, Moe RO (2015a) A comparison of post-mortem findings in broilers dead-on-farm and broilers dead-on-arrival at the abattoir. Poultry science 94:2622-2629.
29. Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Vasdal G, Tolo E, Moe RO (2015b) Effects of catching and transportation versus pre-slaughter handling at the abattoir on the prevalence of wing fractures in broilers. Animal Welfare 24:387-389.
30. Knierim U, Gocke A (2003) Effect of catching broilers by hand or machine on rates of injuries and dead-on-arrivals. Animal Welfare 12:63-73.
31. Lacy MP, Czarick M (1998) Mechanical harvesting of broilers. Poultry Science 77:1794-1797.
32. Langkabel N, Baumann MP, Feiler A, Sanguankiat A, Fries R (2015) Influence of two catching methods on the occurrence of lesions in broilers. Poultry Science 94:1735-1741.
33. Leandro NSM, Rocha PT, Stringhini JH, Schaitl M, Fortes RM (2001) Efeito do tipo de captura dos frangos de corte sobre a qualidade da carcaça. Ciência Animal Brasileira 2:97-100.
34. MacCaluim JM, Abeyesinghe SM, White RP, Wathes CM (2003) A continuous-choice assessment of the domestic fowl's aversion to concurrent transport stressors. Animal Welfare 12:95-107.
35. Mendes AA, Komiyama CM (2011) Estratégias de manejo de frangos de corte visando qualidade de carcaça e carne. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia/Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 352-357.
36. Mitchell MA, Kettlewell PJ (1994) Road transportation of broiler chickens: induction of physiological stress. World's Poultry Science Journal 50:57-59.
37. Mitchell MA, Kettlewell PJ (1998) Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: solutions not problems! Poultry Science 77:1803-1814.
38. Nijdam E, Arens P, Lambooij E, Decuypere E, Stegeman JA (2004) Factors influencing bruises and mortality of broilers during catching, transport, and lairage. Poultry Science 83:1610-1615.
39. Nijdam E, Zailan AR, Van Eck JH, Decuypere E, Stegeman JA (2005) Pathological features in dead on arrival broilers with special reference to heart disorders. Poultry Science 85:1303-1308.
40. Pilecco M, Almeida Paz ICL, Tabaldi LA, Nääs IA, Garcia RG, Caldara FR, Francisco NS (2013) Training of catching teams and reduction of back scratches in broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 15:283-286.
41. Queiroz MDV, Barbosa Filho JAD, Duarte LM, Brasil DDF, Gadelha CRF (2015) Environmental and physiological variables during the catching of broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 17:37-44.
42. Ritz CW, Webster AB, Czarick III M (2005) Evaluation of hot weather thermal environment and incidence of mortality associated with broiler live haul. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14:594-602.
43. Santana ÂP, Murata LS, Freitas CGD, Delphino MK, Pimentel CM (2008) Causes of condemnation of carcasses from poultry in slaughterhouses located in State of Goiás, Brazil. Ciência Rural 38:2587-2592.
44. Schiassi L, Yanagi Junior T, Ferraz PF, Campos AT, Silva GR, Abreu LH (2015) Comportamento de frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes ambientes térmicos. Engenharia Agrícola 35:390-396.
45. Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, González LA, Crowe TG (2012) Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review. Meat Science 92:227-243.
46. Silva ID, Vieira FMC (2010) Ambiência animal e as perdas produtivas no manejo pré-abate: o caso da avicultura de corte brasileira. Archivos de Zootecnia 59:113-31.
47. Silva MAND, Barbosa Filho JAD, Silva CJMD, Rosário MFD, Silva IJOD, Coelho AAD, Savino VJM (2007) Avaliação do estresse térmico em condição simulada de transporte de frangos de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 36:1126-1130.
48. Spurio RS, Soares AL, Carvalho RH, Silveira Junior V, Grespan M, Oba A, Shimokomaki M (2016) Improving transport container design to reduce broiler chicken PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat in Brazil. Animal Science Journal 87:277-283.
49. Strawford ML, Watts JM, Crowe TG, Classen HL, Shand PJ (2011) The effect of simulated cold weather transport on core body temperature and behavior of broilers. Poultry Science 90:2415-2424.
50. Vecerek V, Grbalova S, Voslarova E, Janackova B, Malena M (2006) Effects of travel distance and the season of the year on death rates of broilers transported to poultry processing plants. Poultry Science 85:1881-1884.
51. Vegro CLR, Rocha MB (2007) Expectativas tecnológicas para o segmento de carnes de aves e suínos. Informações Econômicas 37:15-27.
52. Vieira FMC, Silva IJOD, Barbosa Filho JAD, Vieira AMC (2010) Productive losses on broiler preslaughter operations: effects of the distance from farms to abattoirs and of lairage time in a climatized holding area. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39:2471-2476.
53. Vieira FMC, Silva IJO, Barbosa Filho JAD, Vieira AMC, Broom DM (2011) Preslaughter mortality of broilers in relation to lairage and season in a subtropical climate. Poultry Science 90:2127-2133.
54. Vieira SL (2012) Qualidade Visual de Carcaça de Frangos de Corte - Uma abordagem a partir do ambiente de produção. Rede Editora e Serviços de Clipping Ltda, São Paulo.
55. Vizzier-Thaxton Y, Thaxton JP, Shilling MW (2006) Hand versus mechanical catching and loading of broilers-The results of trials looking at the effects on food safety, meat quality and bird welfare. Poultry International 45:18-25.
56. Voslarova E, Chloupek P, Vosmerova P, Chloupek J, Bedanova I, Vecerek V (2011) Time course changes in selected biochemical indices of broilers in response to pretransport handling. Poultry Science 90:2144-2152.
57. Vosmerova P, Chloupek J, Bedanova I, Chloupek P, Kruzikova K, Blahova J, Vecerek V (2010) Changes in selected biochemical indices related to transport of broilers to slaughterhouse under different ambient temperatures. Poultry Science 89:2719-2725.
58. Walber M (2009) Avaliação dos níveis de vibração existentes em passageiros de ônibus rodoviários intermunicipais, análise e modificação projetual. Revista Liberato 11:18-32.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Benincasa, N. C., Sakamoto, K. S., da Silva, I. J. O., & Lobos, C. M. V. (2020). Animal welfare: impacts of pre-slaughter operations on the current poultry industry. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 8(2), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.20014

[1] Abeyesinghe SM, Wathes CM, Nicol CJ, Randall JM (2001) The aversion of broiler chickens to concurrent vibrational and thermal stressors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73:199-215.

[2] Abreu VMN, Abreu PG (2011) Os desafios da ambiência sobre os sistemas de aves no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40:1-14.

[3] Aristides LGA, Dognani R, Lopes CF, Silva LGS, Shimokomaki M (2007) Diagnósticos de condenação que afetam a produtividade da carne de frangos brasileira. Revista Nacional da Carne 22:22-28.

[4] Barbosa Filho JA, Queiroz ML, Brasil DDF, Vieira F, Silva IJ (2014) Transport of broilers: load microclimate during Brazilian summer. Engenharia Agrícola 34:405-412.

[5] Barbosa Filho JAD, Vieira FMC, Silva IJOD, Garcia DDB, Silva MAND, Fonseca BHF (2009) Transporte de frangos: caracterização do microclima na carga durante o inverno. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38:2442-2446.

[6] Bayliss PA, Hinton MH (1990) Transportation of broilers with special reference to mortality rates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28:93-118.

[7] Bedanova I, Voslarova E, Chloupek P, Pistekova V, Suchy P, Blahova J, Dobsikova R, Vecerek V (2007) Stress in broilers resulting from shackling. Poultry Science 86:1065-1069.

[8] Bianchi M, Petracci M, Cavani C (2005) Effects of transport and lairage on mortality, liveweight loss and carcass quality in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 4:516-518.

[9] Bonamigo A, Bonamigo CBDSS, Molento CFM (2012) Atribuições da carne de frango relevantes ao consumidor: foco no bem-estar animal. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 41:1044-1050.

[10] Campos EJ (2000) O comportamento das aves. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 2:93-113.

[11] Carlyle WWH, Guise HJ, Cook P (1997) Effect of time between farm loading and processing on carcase quality of broiler chickens. The Veterinary Record 141:364.

[12] Carvalho GBD, Lopes JB, Santos NPDS, Reis NBDN, Carvalho WF, Silva SF, Carvalho DA, Silva MS, Mayron S (2013) Comportamento de frangos de corte criados em condições de estresse térmico alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de selênio. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 14:4.

[13] Carvalho RH, Soares AL, Grespan M, Spurio RS, Coró FAG, Oba A, Shimokomaki M (2015) The effects of the dark house system on growth, performance and meat quality of broiler chicken. Animal Science Journal 86:189-193.

[14] Chauvin C, Hillion S, Balaine L, Michel V, Peraste J, Petetin I, Lupo C, Le Bouquin S (2011) Factors associated with mortality of broilers during transport to slaughterhouse. Animal 5:287-293.

[15] Costa F, Prata LF, Pereira GT (2007) Influência das condições de pré-abate na incidência de contusões em frango de corte. Revista Veterinária e Zootecnia 14:234-245.

[16] Dadgar S, Lee ES, Leer TLV, Crowe TG, Classen HL, Shand PJ (2011) Effect of acute cold exposure, age, sex, and lairage on broiler breast meat quality. Poultry Science 90:444-457.

[17] EFSA (2012) European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of Animals during Transport. EFSA Journal 9:1966–2091.

[18] Elrom K (2000) Handling and transportation of chickens; welfare, stress, fear and meat quality: Part V: Transport to the slaughterhouse. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 56:1-3.

[19] Grandin T (2009) Poultry slaughter plant and farm audit: critical points for bird welfare. Dr. Temple Grandin's Website. https://www.grandin.com/poultry.audit.html. Accessed on: June 23, 2016.

[20] Grandin T (2015) Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach. CAB International, Boston.

[21] Gregory NG, Austin SD (1992) Causes of trauma in broilers arriving dead at poultry processing plants. The Veterinary Record 131:501-503.

[22] Grilli C, Loschi AR, Rea S, Stocchi R, Leoni L, Conti F (2015) Welfare indicators during broiler slaughtering. British Poultry Science 56:1-5.

[23] Jacobs L, Delezie E, Duchateau L, Goethals K, Tuyttens FA (2016a) Impact of the separate pre-slaughter stages on broiler chicken welfare. Poultry Science 96:266-273.

[24] Jacobs L, Delezie E, Duchateau L, Goethals K, Tuyttens FA (2016b) Broiler chickens dead on arrival: associated risk factors and welfare indicators. Poultry Science 96:259-265.

[25] Jones RB, Satterlee DG (1997) Restricted visual input reduces struggling in shackled broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:109-117.

[26] Kettlewell PJ (1989) Physiological aspects of broiler transportation. World’s Poultry Science Journal 46:219-227.

[27] Kettlewell PJ, Hoxey RP, Mitchell MA (2000) Heat produced by broiler chickens in a commercial transport vehicle. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 75:315-326.

[28] Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Nafstad O, Moe RO (2015a) A comparison of post-mortem findings in broilers dead-on-farm and broilers dead-on-arrival at the abattoir. Poultry science 94:2622-2629.

[29] Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Vasdal G, Tolo E, Moe RO (2015b) Effects of catching and transportation versus pre-slaughter handling at the abattoir on the prevalence of wing fractures in broilers. Animal Welfare 24:387-389.

[30] Knierim U, Gocke A (2003) Effect of catching broilers by hand or machine on rates of injuries and dead-on-arrivals. Animal Welfare 12:63-73.

[31] Lacy MP, Czarick M (1998) Mechanical harvesting of broilers. Poultry Science 77:1794-1797.

[32] Langkabel N, Baumann MP, Feiler A, Sanguankiat A, Fries R (2015) Influence of two catching methods on the occurrence of lesions in broilers. Poultry Science 94:1735-1741.

[33] Leandro NSM, Rocha PT, Stringhini JH, Schaitl M, Fortes RM (2001) Efeito do tipo de captura dos frangos de corte sobre a qualidade da carcaça. Ciência Animal Brasileira 2:97-100.

[34] MacCaluim JM, Abeyesinghe SM, White RP, Wathes CM (2003) A continuous-choice assessment of the domestic fowl's aversion to concurrent transport stressors. Animal Welfare 12:95-107.

[35] Mendes AA, Komiyama CM (2011) Estratégias de manejo de frangos de corte visando qualidade de carcaça e carne. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia/Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 352-357.

[36] Mitchell MA, Kettlewell PJ (1994) Road transportation of broiler chickens: induction of physiological stress. World's Poultry Science Journal 50:57-59.

[37] Mitchell MA, Kettlewell PJ (1998) Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: solutions not problems! Poultry Science 77:1803-1814.

[38] Nijdam E, Arens P, Lambooij E, Decuypere E, Stegeman JA (2004) Factors influencing bruises and mortality of broilers during catching, transport, and lairage. Poultry Science 83:1610-1615.

[39] Nijdam E, Zailan AR, Van Eck JH, Decuypere E, Stegeman JA (2005) Pathological features in dead on arrival broilers with special reference to heart disorders. Poultry Science 85:1303-1308.

[40] Pilecco M, Almeida Paz ICL, Tabaldi LA, Nääs IA, Garcia RG, Caldara FR, Francisco NS (2013) Training of catching teams and reduction of back scratches in broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 15:283-286.

[41] Queiroz MDV, Barbosa Filho JAD, Duarte LM, Brasil DDF, Gadelha CRF (2015) Environmental and physiological variables during the catching of broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 17:37-44.

[42] Ritz CW, Webster AB, Czarick III M (2005) Evaluation of hot weather thermal environment and incidence of mortality associated with broiler live haul. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14:594-602.

[43] Santana ÂP, Murata LS, Freitas CGD, Delphino MK, Pimentel CM (2008) Causes of condemnation of carcasses from poultry in slaughterhouses located in State of Goiás, Brazil. Ciência Rural 38:2587-2592.

[44] Schiassi L, Yanagi Junior T, Ferraz PF, Campos AT, Silva GR, Abreu LH (2015) Comportamento de frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes ambientes térmicos. Engenharia Agrícola 35:390-396.

[45] Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, González LA, Crowe TG (2012) Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review. Meat Science 92:227-243.

[46] Silva ID, Vieira FMC (2010) Ambiência animal e as perdas produtivas no manejo pré-abate: o caso da avicultura de corte brasileira. Archivos de Zootecnia 59:113-31.

[47] Silva MAND, Barbosa Filho JAD, Silva CJMD, Rosário MFD, Silva IJOD, Coelho AAD, Savino VJM (2007) Avaliação do estresse térmico em condição simulada de transporte de frangos de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 36:1126-1130.

[48] Spurio RS, Soares AL, Carvalho RH, Silveira Junior V, Grespan M, Oba A, Shimokomaki M (2016) Improving transport container design to reduce broiler chicken PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat in Brazil. Animal Science Journal 87:277-283.

[49] Strawford ML, Watts JM, Crowe TG, Classen HL, Shand PJ (2011) The effect of simulated cold weather transport on core body temperature and behavior of broilers. Poultry Science 90:2415-2424.

[50] Vecerek V, Grbalova S, Voslarova E, Janackova B, Malena M (2006) Effects of travel distance and the season of the year on death rates of broilers transported to poultry processing plants. Poultry Science 85:1881-1884.

[51] Vegro CLR, Rocha MB (2007) Expectativas tecnológicas para o segmento de carnes de aves e suínos. Informações Econômicas 37:15-27.

[52] Vieira FMC, Silva IJOD, Barbosa Filho JAD, Vieira AMC (2010) Productive losses on broiler preslaughter operations: effects of the distance from farms to abattoirs and of lairage time in a climatized holding area. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39:2471-2476.

[53] Vieira FMC, Silva IJO, Barbosa Filho JAD, Vieira AMC, Broom DM (2011) Preslaughter mortality of broilers in relation to lairage and season in a subtropical climate. Poultry Science 90:2127-2133.

[54] Vieira SL (2012) Qualidade Visual de Carcaça de Frangos de Corte - Uma abordagem a partir do ambiente de produção. Rede Editora e Serviços de Clipping Ltda, São Paulo.

[55] Vizzier-Thaxton Y, Thaxton JP, Shilling MW (2006) Hand versus mechanical catching and loading of broilers-The results of trials looking at the effects on food safety, meat quality and bird welfare. Poultry International 45:18-25.

[56] Voslarova E, Chloupek P, Vosmerova P, Chloupek J, Bedanova I, Vecerek V (2011) Time course changes in selected biochemical indices of broilers in response to pretransport handling. Poultry Science 90:2144-2152.

[57] Vosmerova P, Chloupek J, Bedanova I, Chloupek P, Kruzikova K, Blahova J, Vecerek V (2010) Changes in selected biochemical indices related to transport of broilers to slaughterhouse under different ambient temperatures. Poultry Science 89:2719-2725.

[58] Walber M (2009) Avaliação dos níveis de vibração existentes em passageiros de ônibus rodoviários intermunicipais, análise e modificação projetual. Revista Liberato 11:18-32.

Abstract

References

How to cite