Impact of urban lead pollution on the hematology and reproductive histopathology of stray cats in Indonesian megacities

Ragil Angga Prastiya; Trilas Sardjito; Aris Maulana Abdillah; Raket Wonggo Murgiyana; Tutus Multianingsih; Achmad Julian Andris; Samira Musa Sasi

doi:10.31893/jabb.2024028

Keywords:

environmental biomarkers

Abstract

Lead pollution in urban environments has become a significant concern owing to its potential impact on the health of wildlife, including cats. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lead exposure on the hematological parameters and reproductive histopathology of stray cats in Jakarta and Surabaya. The toxicity of inhaled lead contamination is distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, affecting the reproductive system through hormonal disruption by reducing hypothalamic function and through cytotoxicity by inducing reactive oxygen species. Bioindicators in the form of male wild cats were used as experimental animals and were selected through accidental sampling over a 24-h period, with at least five animals collected from each region. Blood samples were utilized for hematological analysis and blood lead concentration measurement, whereas testicular tissues were prepared for histopathological examination. Although the serum lead levels of the cats were within the safe limits set by the World Health Organization, several morphological abnormalities in the blood cells were noted, including basophilic stippling and the presence of clover-leaf cells, indicating the toxic effects of lead exposure. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed seminiferous tubule degeneration and atrophy, which could affect reproductive function. These findings suggest that although lead exposure remains within tolerable limits, its implications for the reproductive health of stray cats warrant further attention. This study highlights the importance of monitoring lead pollution in urban areas and underscores the need for conservation measures to protect stray cat populations and their ecosystems.
References
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Prastiya, R. A., Sardjito, T., Abdillah, A. M., Murgiyana, R. W., Multianingsih, T., Andris, A. J., & Sasi, S. M. (2024). Impact of urban lead pollution on the hematology and reproductive histopathology of stray cats in Indonesian megacities. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 12(4), 2024028. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.2024028

[1] Ali, H., Khan, E., & Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 2019, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305

[2] Aliyu, H. S., & Umar, S. J. (2022). Biomarkers of lead in occupationally exposed persons in Gurara and Suleja areas, Niger State, Nigeria. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(2), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.2.0290

[3] Aljohani, A. S. M. (2023). Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, Article 1161354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1161354

[4] Alkandurur, A., & Kum, Ş. (2021). The effect of the metabolic syndrome on the histological structure of the testes tissue and the sperm morphology in the rats. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 45(6), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-2102-45

[5] Anggraini, Z., Santoso, M., & Sofyan, A. (2024). Characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) chemical composition in the North Jakarta industrial area. Environmental and Natural Resources Journal, 22(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/22/20230300

[6] Anyanwu, B. O., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2020). Current mechanistic perspectives on male reproductive toxicity induced by heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 38(4), 204–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/26896583.2020.1782116

[7] Assi, M. A., Hezmee, M. N. M., Haron, A. W., et al. (2016). The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health. Veterinary World, 9(6), 660–671. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671

[8] Collin, M. S., Venkatraman, S. K., Vijayakumar, N., et al. (2022). Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on humans: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7, Article 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100094

[9] Debnath, B., Singh, W., & Manna, K. (2019). Sources and toxicological effects of lead on human health. Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 10(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.4103/INJMS.INJMS_30_18

[10] Eldridge, J. C., & Stevens, J. T. (Eds.). (2016). Metal toxicity in mammalian reproduction. In Endocrine Toxicology (pp. 270–293). CRC Press.

[11] Foster, W. G. (1992). Reproductive toxicity of chronic lead exposure in the female cynomolgus monkey. Reproductive Toxicology, 6(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0890-6238(92)90113-8

[12] Gerhardsson, L., & Kazantzis, G. (2015). Diagnosis and treatment of metal poisoning. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (pp. 487–505). Elsevier.

[13] Goodsite, M. E., Hertel, O., Johnson, M. S., & Jørgensen, N. R. (2021). Urban air quality: Sources and concentrations. In M. E. Goodsite, M. S. Johnson, & O. Hertel (Eds.), Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects (pp. 193–214). Springer US.

[14] Grant, L. D. (2020). Lead and compounds. In M. Lippmann & G. D. Leikauf (Eds.), Environmental Toxicants (1st ed., pp. 627–675). Wiley.

[15] Gulcin, İ., & Alwasel, S. H. (2022). Metal ions, metal chelators, and metal chelating assay as antioxidant method. Processes, 10(1), Article 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010132

[16] Hoenemann, C., Ostendorf, N., Zarbock, A., et al. (2021). Reticulocyte and erythrocyte hemoglobin parameters for iron deficiency and anemia diagnostics in patient blood management: A narrative review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(18), Article 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184250

[17] Istiana, T., Kurniawan, B., Soekirno, S., et al. (2023). Causality analysis of air quality and meteorological parameters for PM2.5 characteristics determination: Evidence from Jakarta. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 23(1), Article 230014. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.230014

[18] Kelainy, E. G., Ibrahim, L. I. M., & Ibrahim, S. R. (2019). The effect of ferulic acid against lead-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in kidney and testes of rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(32), 31675–31684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06099-6

[19] Kumar, S. (2018). Occupational and environmental exposure to lead and reproductive health impairment: An overview. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 22(3), 128. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_126_18

[20] Lead, J. R., Batley, G. E., Alvarez, P. J. J., et al. (2018). Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects—An updated review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37(8), 2029–2063. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4147

[21] Lestiani, D. D., Santoso, M., Kijin, S., et al. (2024). Toxic elements, sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5 in an industrial area of Surabaya, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2024.2372005

[22] Liu, E., Yan, T., Birch, G., & Zhu, Y. (2014). Pollution and health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a mega-city of China. Science of The Total Environment, 476–477, 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.055

[23] Massányi, P., Massányi, M., Madeddu, R., et al. (2020). Effects of cadmium, lead, and mercury on the structure and function of reproductive organs. Toxics, 8(4), Article 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040094

[24] Mitra, P., Sharma, S., Purohit, P., & Sharma, P. (2017). Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: An update. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 54(7–8), 506–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2017.1408562

[25] Naja, G. M., & Volesky, B. (2017). Toxicity and sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and radionuclides in the environment. In L. K. Wang, M.-H. S. Wang, Y.-T. Hung, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management (3rd ed., pp. 855–903). CRC Press.

[26] Osman, M. (2014). Waste water treatment in chemical industries: The concept and current technologies. Hydrology: Current Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000164

[27] Owonikoko, M. W., Salami, A. T., Odukanmi, A. O., et al. (2022). Hematopoietic toxicity in Wistar rats experimentally exposed to cement dust. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 31(1), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03315-z

[28] Prastiya, R. A., Sardjito, T., Nabila, T. R. N., et al. (2023). Zinc and α-tocopherol protect the antral follicles and endogenous antioxidants of female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) against lead toxicity. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 80, Article 127284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127284

[29] Ray, R. R. (2016). Haemotoxic effect of lead: A review. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 69(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-015-0160-9

[30] Santoso, M., Atanacio, A., Manohar, M., et al. (2022). Characterization of heavy metal in PM2.5 around industrial estates in the East and West of Surabaya, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Science (p. 030013). Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

[31] Shubham, K., Anukiruthika, T., Dutta, S., et al. (2020). Iron deficiency anemia: A comprehensive review on iron absorption, bioavailability and emerging food fortification approaches. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 99, 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.021

[32] Singh, A. K., Mahesh, M. S., Ojha, L., et al. (2023). Lead: Exposure risk, bio assimilation, and amelioration strategies in livestock animals. In N. Kumar & A. K. Jha (Eds.), Lead Toxicity: Challenges and Solution (pp. 51–87). Springer Nature Switzerland.

[33] Siregar, T. H., Priyanto, N., Putri, A. K., et al. (2016). Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of the trace hazardous element contamination in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110(1), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.008

[34] Soemarko, D. S., Fadlyana, E., Haryanto, B., et al. (2023). Linking Jakarta’s typical Indonesian urban context, air pollution, and child health. The Open Public Health Journal, 16, e187494452308290. https://doi.org/10.2174/18749445-v16-e230831-2023-109

[35] Stewart, A., & Hursthouse, A. (2018). Environment and human health: The challenge of uncertainty in risk assessment. Geosciences, 8(1), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010024

[36] Surya, B., Hamsina, H., Ridwan, R., et al. (2020). The complexity of space utilization and environmental pollution control in the main corridor of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sustainability, 12(21), Article 9244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219244

[37] Ugwuja, E. I., Vincent, N., Ikaraoha, I. C., & Ohayi, S. R. (2020). Zinc ameliorates lead toxicity by reducing body Pb burden and restoring Pb-induced haematological and biochemical derangements. Toxicology Research and Application, 4, Article 239784732095656. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847320956562

[38] Wang, Q., Zhao, H., Chen, J., et al. (2010). δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid concentration, and zinc protoporphyrin level among people with low level of lead exposure. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 213(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.08.003

[39] Zachary, J. F. (2017). Pathologic basis of veterinary disease (6th ed.). Elsevier.

[40] Zukal, J., Pikula, J., & Bandouchova, H. (2015). Bats as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution: History and prospect. Mammalian Biology, 80(3), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2015.01.001

Abstract

References

How to cite