Milk Supplementation: Effect on piglets performance, feeding behavior and sows physiological condition during the lactation period

Veasna Chem; Hong-Seok Mun; Keiven Mark B. Ampode; Eddiemar B. Lagua; Muhammad Ammar Dilawar; Young-Hwa Kim; Chul-Ju Yang

doi:10.31893/jabb.23007

Keywords:

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of milk liquid and powder supplements on piglets’ performance, drinking behavior, and sow back-fat thickness change during the lactation period. There were 4 experimental groups (n = 24), and in the control group (n = 6), the piglets were suckled from the sow. For the supplemental groups (n = 18), milk powder (MP), milk liquid by feeding trough (MLFT), and milk liquid feeding by the bucket (MLFB). There were significant differences in average daily weight gain between day 14 and weaning age for the MP and MLFT (p < 0.05) but not in MLFB (p > 0.05). For approaching to the feeder, there were significantly higher in MP and MLFT groups (p < 0.05). Based on the examination of sow back-fat thickness, the back-fat loss was minimal (p < 0.05) in the MP and MLFT compared to the MLFB and the control. Giving the milk supplement as powder and liquid by feeding trough has increased the average daily gain and body weight of the piglets on day 14th and on weaning day. Moreover, back-fat thickness reduction of sows in the supplemental groups is lower compared to the control group.
References
1. Amdi C, Pedersen MLM, Klaaborg J, Myhill LJ, Engelsmann MN, Williams AR, Thymann T (2021) Pre-Weaning Adaptation Responses in Piglets Fed Milk Replacer with Gradually Increasing Amounts of Wheat. British Journal of Nutrition 126: 375–82. doi: 10.1017/S000711 4520004225.
2. Azain MJ, Tomkins T, Sowinski JS, Arentson RA, Jewell DE (1996) Effect of Supplemental Pig Milk Replacer on Litter Performance: Seasonal Variation in Response. Journal of Animal Science 74:2195–2202. doi: 10.2527/1996.7492195x.
3. Blavi, Laia, David Solà-Oriol, Pol Llonch, Sergi López-Vergé, Susana María Martín-Orúe, and José Francisco Pérez (2021) Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review. Animals 11: 302. doi: 10.3390/ani11020302.
4. Čechová M, Tvrdoň Z (2006) Relationships between Backfat Thickness and Parameters of Reproduction in the Czech Large White Sows (Short Communication). Archives Animal Breeding 49: 363–69. doi: 10.5194/aab-49-363-2006.
5. Charette, Robert, Michel Bigras-Poulin, and Guy-Pierre Martineau (1996) Body Condition Evaluation in Sows. Livestock Production Science 46: 107–15. doi: 10.1016 /0301-6226(96)00022-X.
6. Collins, Cherie L, John R, Rebecca SM, Trevor NM, Robert JS, David JH, Ingunn S, Frank RD (2017) Post-Weaning and Whole-of-Life Performance of Pigs Is Determined by Live Weight at Weaning and the Complexity of the Diet Fed after Weaning. Animal Nutrition 3: 372–79. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.01.001.
7. Douglas, SL, Edwards SA, Kyriazakis I (2014) Management Strategies to Improve the Performance of Low Birth Weight Pigs to Weaning and Their Long-Term Consequences1,2. Journal of Animal Science 92: 2280–88. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-7388.
8. Farmer, C (2013) Review: Mammary Development in Swine: Effects of Hormonal Status, Nutrition and Management. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93: 1–7. doi: 10.4141/cjas2012-066.
9. Farmer C, Martineau JP, Méthot S, Bussières D (2017) Comparative Study on the Relations between Backfat Thickness in Late-Pregnant Gilts, Mammary Development and Piglet Growth1. Translational Animal Science 1: 154–59. doi: 10.2527/tas 2017.0018.
10. Foxcroft GR, Dixon DT, Dyck MK, Novak S, Harding JCS, Almeida FCRL (2009) Prenatal Programming of Postnatal Development in the Pig. Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 66: 213–31.
11. Greeff A, Resink JW, Van Hees HMJ, Ruuls L, Klaassen GJ, Rouwers SMG, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N (2016) Supplementation of Piglets with Nutrient-Dense Complex Milk Replacer Improves Intestinal Development and Microbial Fermentation1. Journal of Animal Science 94: 1012–19. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9481.
12. Hojgaard, Camilla K, Thomas SB, Peter KT (2020) Impact of Milk and Nutrient Intake of Piglets and Sow Milk Composition on Piglet Growth and Body Composition at Weaning. Journal of Animal Science 98: skaa060. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa060.
13. Hu, Jian, Peishi Y (2022) Effects of Backfat Thickness on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation of Placenta in Large White Pigs. Veterinary Sciences 9: 302. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9060302.
14. Johansen, Markku, Lis A, Helle DK, Poul B (2004) Factors Associated with Suckling Piglet Average Daily Gain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 63: 91–102. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.01.011.
15. Jorgensen MW, Adams-Progar A, de Passillé AM, Rushen J, Godden SM, Chester-Jones H, Endres MI (2017) Factors Associated with Dairy Calf Health in Automated Feeding Systems in the Upper Midwest United States. Journal of Dairy Science 100: 5675–86. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-12501.
16. Kobek-Kjeldager C, Moustsen VA, Theil PK, Pedersen LJ (2020) Effect of Litter Size, Milk Replacer and Housing on Production Results of Hyper-Prolific Sows. Animal 14: 824–33. doi: 10.1017/S175173111900260X.
17. Kobek-Kjeldager, Cecilie, Dar’ya V, Charlotte L, Nuria C, Lene JP (2021) Impact of Supplemental Liquid Feed Pre-Weaning and Piglet Weaning Age on Feed Intake Post-Weaning. Livestock Science 252: 104680. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104680.
18. Lavery A, Lawlor PG, Magowan E, Miller HM, O’Driscoll K, Berry DP (2019) An Association Analysis of Sow Parity, Live-Weight and Back-Fat Depth as Indicators of Sow Productivity. Animal 13: 622–30. doi:10.1017/S1751731118001799.
19. Maes DGD, Janssens GPJ, Delputte P, Lammertyn A, de Kruif A (2004) Back Fat Measurements in Sows from Three Commercial Pig Herds: Relationship with Reproductive Efficiency and Correlation with Visual Body Condition Scores. Livestock Production Science 91: 57–67. doi: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.015.
20. Miller YJ, Collins AM, Smits RJ, Thomson PC, Holyoake PK (2012) Providing Supplemental Milk to Piglets Preweaning Improves the Growth but Not Survival of Gilt Progeny Compared with Sow Progeny. Journal of Animal Science 90: 5078–85. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4272.
21. Milligan, Barry N, David F, Donald L K (2001) Birth Weight Variation in the Domestic Pig: Effects on Offspring Survival, Weight Gain and Suckling Behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73: 179–91. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00136-8.
22. Novotni-Dankó G, Balogh P, Huzsvai L, Győri Z (2015) Effect of Feeding Liquid Milk Supplement on Litter Performances and on Sow Back-Fat Thickness Change during the Suckling Period. Archives Animal Breeding 58: 229–35. doi: 10.5194/aab-58-229-2015.
23. Ocepek, Marko, Ruth CN, Inger LA (2017) Trade-Offs between Litter Size and Offspring Fitness in Domestic Pigs Subjected to Different Genetic Selection Pressures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 193: 7–14. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.008.
24. Oliviero, Claudio ND Offspring of Hyper Prolific Sows: Immunity, Birthweight, and Heterogeneous Litters. Molecular Reproduction and Development. Accessed December 15, 2022. doi: 10.1002/mrd.23572.
25. Oostrum, Van M, Lammers A, Molist F (2016) Providing Artificial Milk before and after Weaning Improves Postweaning Piglet Performance. Journal of Animal Science 94 : 429–32. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9732.
26. Peltoniemi, Olli, Jinhyeon Y, Stefan B, Taehee H (2021) Coping with Large Litters: The Management of Neonatal Piglets and Sow Reproduction. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 63: 1–15. doi: 10.5187/jast.2021.e3.
27. Poulsen, Ann-Sofie R, Nadieh DJ, Sugiharto S, Jeppe LN, Charlotte L, Nuria C (2017) The Microbial Community of the Gut Differs between Piglets Fed Sow Milk, Milk Replacer or Bovine Colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 117: 964–78. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000216.
28. Pustal J, Traulsen I, Preißler R, Müller K, Beilage TG, Börries U, Kemper N (2015) Providing Supplementary, Artificial Milk for Large Litters during Lactation: Effects on Performance and Health of Sows and Piglets: A Case Study. Porcine Health Management 1: 13. doi: 10.1186/s40813-015-0008-8.
29. Quiniou, Noblet J (1999) Influence of High Ambient Temperatures on Performance of Multiparous Lactating Sows. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2124–34. doi: 10.2527 /1999.7782124x.
30. Renaudeau D, Noblet J (2001) Effects of Exposure to High Ambient Temperature and Dietary Protein Level on Sow Milk Production and Performance of Piglets. Journal of Animal Science 79: 1540–48. doi: 10.2527/2001.7961540x.
31. Tani, Satomi, Carlos P, Yuzo K (2018) High-Performing Farms Exploit Reproductive Potential of High and Low Prolific Sows Better than Low-Performing Farms. Porcine Health Management 4: 15. doi: 10.1186/s40813-018-0091-8.
32. Wolter BF, Ellis M, Corrigan BP, DeDecker JM (2002) The Effect of Birth Weight and Feeding of Supplemental Milk Replacer to Piglets during Lactation on Preweaning and Postweaning Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics1. Journal of Animal Science 80: 301–8. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.802301x.
33. Zijlstra RT, Whang KY, Easter RA, Odle J (1996) Effect of Feeding a Milk Replacer to Early-Weaned Pigs on Growth, Body Composition, and Small Intestinal Morphology, Compared with Suckled Littermates. Journal of Animal Science 74: 2948–59. doi: 10.2527/1996.74122948x.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Chem, V., Mun, H.-S., Ampode, K. M. B., Lagua, E. B., Dilawar, M. A., Kim, Y.-H., & Yang, C.-J. (2023). Milk Supplementation: Effect on piglets performance, feeding behavior and sows physiological condition during the lactation period. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 11(1), 2023007. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.23007

[1] Amdi C, Pedersen MLM, Klaaborg J, Myhill LJ, Engelsmann MN, Williams AR, Thymann T (2021) Pre-Weaning Adaptation Responses in Piglets Fed Milk Replacer with Gradually Increasing Amounts of Wheat. British Journal of Nutrition 126: 375–82. doi: 10.1017/S000711 4520004225.

[2] Azain MJ, Tomkins T, Sowinski JS, Arentson RA, Jewell DE (1996) Effect of Supplemental Pig Milk Replacer on Litter Performance: Seasonal Variation in Response. Journal of Animal Science 74:2195–2202. doi: 10.2527/1996.7492195x.

[3] Blavi, Laia, David Solà-Oriol, Pol Llonch, Sergi López-Vergé, Susana María Martín-Orúe, and José Francisco Pérez (2021) Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review. Animals 11: 302. doi: 10.3390/ani11020302.

[4] Čechová M, Tvrdoň Z (2006) Relationships between Backfat Thickness and Parameters of Reproduction in the Czech Large White Sows (Short Communication). Archives Animal Breeding 49: 363–69. doi: 10.5194/aab-49-363-2006.

[5] Charette, Robert, Michel Bigras-Poulin, and Guy-Pierre Martineau (1996) Body Condition Evaluation in Sows. Livestock Production Science 46: 107–15. doi: 10.1016 /0301-6226(96)00022-X.

[6] Collins, Cherie L, John R, Rebecca SM, Trevor NM, Robert JS, David JH, Ingunn S, Frank RD (2017) Post-Weaning and Whole-of-Life Performance of Pigs Is Determined by Live Weight at Weaning and the Complexity of the Diet Fed after Weaning. Animal Nutrition 3: 372–79. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.01.001.

[7] Douglas, SL, Edwards SA, Kyriazakis I (2014) Management Strategies to Improve the Performance of Low Birth Weight Pigs to Weaning and Their Long-Term Consequences1,2. Journal of Animal Science 92: 2280–88. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-7388.

[8] Farmer, C (2013) Review: Mammary Development in Swine: Effects of Hormonal Status, Nutrition and Management. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93: 1–7. doi: 10.4141/cjas2012-066.

[9] Farmer C, Martineau JP, Méthot S, Bussières D (2017) Comparative Study on the Relations between Backfat Thickness in Late-Pregnant Gilts, Mammary Development and Piglet Growth1. Translational Animal Science 1: 154–59. doi: 10.2527/tas 2017.0018.

[10] Foxcroft GR, Dixon DT, Dyck MK, Novak S, Harding JCS, Almeida FCRL (2009) Prenatal Programming of Postnatal Development in the Pig. Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 66: 213–31.

[11] Greeff A, Resink JW, Van Hees HMJ, Ruuls L, Klaassen GJ, Rouwers SMG, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N (2016) Supplementation of Piglets with Nutrient-Dense Complex Milk Replacer Improves Intestinal Development and Microbial Fermentation1. Journal of Animal Science 94: 1012–19. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9481.

[12] Hojgaard, Camilla K, Thomas SB, Peter KT (2020) Impact of Milk and Nutrient Intake of Piglets and Sow Milk Composition on Piglet Growth and Body Composition at Weaning. Journal of Animal Science 98: skaa060. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa060.

[13] Hu, Jian, Peishi Y (2022) Effects of Backfat Thickness on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation of Placenta in Large White Pigs. Veterinary Sciences 9: 302. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9060302.

[14] Johansen, Markku, Lis A, Helle DK, Poul B (2004) Factors Associated with Suckling Piglet Average Daily Gain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 63: 91–102. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.01.011.

[15] Jorgensen MW, Adams-Progar A, de Passillé AM, Rushen J, Godden SM, Chester-Jones H, Endres MI (2017) Factors Associated with Dairy Calf Health in Automated Feeding Systems in the Upper Midwest United States. Journal of Dairy Science 100: 5675–86. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-12501.

[16] Kobek-Kjeldager C, Moustsen VA, Theil PK, Pedersen LJ (2020) Effect of Litter Size, Milk Replacer and Housing on Production Results of Hyper-Prolific Sows. Animal 14: 824–33. doi: 10.1017/S175173111900260X.

[17] Kobek-Kjeldager, Cecilie, Dar’ya V, Charlotte L, Nuria C, Lene JP (2021) Impact of Supplemental Liquid Feed Pre-Weaning and Piglet Weaning Age on Feed Intake Post-Weaning. Livestock Science 252: 104680. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104680.

[18] Lavery A, Lawlor PG, Magowan E, Miller HM, O’Driscoll K, Berry DP (2019) An Association Analysis of Sow Parity, Live-Weight and Back-Fat Depth as Indicators of Sow Productivity. Animal 13: 622–30. doi:10.1017/S1751731118001799.

[19] Maes DGD, Janssens GPJ, Delputte P, Lammertyn A, de Kruif A (2004) Back Fat Measurements in Sows from Three Commercial Pig Herds: Relationship with Reproductive Efficiency and Correlation with Visual Body Condition Scores. Livestock Production Science 91: 57–67. doi: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.015.

[20] Miller YJ, Collins AM, Smits RJ, Thomson PC, Holyoake PK (2012) Providing Supplemental Milk to Piglets Preweaning Improves the Growth but Not Survival of Gilt Progeny Compared with Sow Progeny. Journal of Animal Science 90: 5078–85. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4272.

[21] Milligan, Barry N, David F, Donald L K (2001) Birth Weight Variation in the Domestic Pig: Effects on Offspring Survival, Weight Gain and Suckling Behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73: 179–91. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00136-8.

[22] Novotni-Dankó G, Balogh P, Huzsvai L, Győri Z (2015) Effect of Feeding Liquid Milk Supplement on Litter Performances and on Sow Back-Fat Thickness Change during the Suckling Period. Archives Animal Breeding 58: 229–35. doi: 10.5194/aab-58-229-2015.

[23] Ocepek, Marko, Ruth CN, Inger LA (2017) Trade-Offs between Litter Size and Offspring Fitness in Domestic Pigs Subjected to Different Genetic Selection Pressures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 193: 7–14. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.008.

[24] Oliviero, Claudio ND Offspring of Hyper Prolific Sows: Immunity, Birthweight, and Heterogeneous Litters. Molecular Reproduction and Development. Accessed December 15, 2022. doi: 10.1002/mrd.23572.

[25] Oostrum, Van M, Lammers A, Molist F (2016) Providing Artificial Milk before and after Weaning Improves Postweaning Piglet Performance. Journal of Animal Science 94 : 429–32. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9732.

[26] Peltoniemi, Olli, Jinhyeon Y, Stefan B, Taehee H (2021) Coping with Large Litters: The Management of Neonatal Piglets and Sow Reproduction. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 63: 1–15. doi: 10.5187/jast.2021.e3.

[27] Poulsen, Ann-Sofie R, Nadieh DJ, Sugiharto S, Jeppe LN, Charlotte L, Nuria C (2017) The Microbial Community of the Gut Differs between Piglets Fed Sow Milk, Milk Replacer or Bovine Colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 117: 964–78. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000216.

[28] Pustal J, Traulsen I, Preißler R, Müller K, Beilage TG, Börries U, Kemper N (2015) Providing Supplementary, Artificial Milk for Large Litters during Lactation: Effects on Performance and Health of Sows and Piglets: A Case Study. Porcine Health Management 1: 13. doi: 10.1186/s40813-015-0008-8.

[29] Quiniou, Noblet J (1999) Influence of High Ambient Temperatures on Performance of Multiparous Lactating Sows. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2124–34. doi: 10.2527 /1999.7782124x.

[30] Renaudeau D, Noblet J (2001) Effects of Exposure to High Ambient Temperature and Dietary Protein Level on Sow Milk Production and Performance of Piglets. Journal of Animal Science 79: 1540–48. doi: 10.2527/2001.7961540x.

[31] Tani, Satomi, Carlos P, Yuzo K (2018) High-Performing Farms Exploit Reproductive Potential of High and Low Prolific Sows Better than Low-Performing Farms. Porcine Health Management 4: 15. doi: 10.1186/s40813-018-0091-8.

[32] Wolter BF, Ellis M, Corrigan BP, DeDecker JM (2002) The Effect of Birth Weight and Feeding of Supplemental Milk Replacer to Piglets during Lactation on Preweaning and Postweaning Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics1. Journal of Animal Science 80: 301–8. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.802301x.

[33] Zijlstra RT, Whang KY, Easter RA, Odle J (1996) Effect of Feeding a Milk Replacer to Early-Weaned Pigs on Growth, Body Composition, and Small Intestinal Morphology, Compared with Suckled Littermates. Journal of Animal Science 74: 2948–59. doi: 10.2527/1996.74122948x.

Abstract

References

How to cite