Methyl anthranilate as pig repellent: Effects on the feeding behavior and production performance

Keiven Mark B. Ampode; Hong-Seok Mun; Veasna Chem; Il-Byung Chung; Shad Mahfuz; Muhammad Ammar Dilawar; Young-Hwa Kim; Chul-Ju Yang

doi:10.31893/jabb.22037

Keywords:

Abstract

Preventing pigs such as wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from accessing the farm can be blocked by installing fences or repellent to make them feel reluctant to access the farm. Most wild pigs were captured to prevent crop damage and incidence of African swine fever (ASF). Still, there is a limit to capturing them due to the rapid population growth. A study was conducted using "To Nature" repellent with an active ingredient of Methyl anthranilate (MA) to assess the effectiveness of MA as a pig repellent and determine its effect on feeding behavior and production performance. A total of eight female pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc] were randomly arranged and used in the experiment for five weeks. Each treatment was replicated four times, having one pig in every replication. The feeders' position with MA repellent was shifted weekly with a ratio of 0.25% and mixed with 10kg of feed. The number of approaches of pigs to the feeder was monitored daily using a full HD CCTV 5-megapixel camera. A significantly lower number of approaches, feed intake, and total time spent feeding in the feeding trough was recorded from the feeder with MA repellent mixed in the diet. Regression analysis revealed a positive relationship in the feeding behavior of pigs in the feeder mixed with MA repellent in the diet. Therefore, 0.25% MA repellent can be used as pig repellent without adverse effects on the production performance of growing pigs.
References
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Ampode, K. M. B., Mun, H.-S., Chem, V., Chung, I.-B., Mahfuz, S., Dilawar, M. A., Kim, Y.-H., & Yang, C.-J. (2022). Methyl anthranilate as pig repellent: Effects on the feeding behavior and production performance. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 10(4), 2237. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.22037

[1] Alameer A, Kyriazakis I, Dalton HA, Miller AL, Bacardit J (2020) Automatic recognition of feeding and foraging behaviour in pigs using deep learning. Biosystems engineering 197:91-104.

[2] Ampode KM, Mendoza F (2022) Oregano (Origanum vulgare Linn.) Powder as Phytobiotic Feed Additives Improves the Growth Performance, Lymphoid Organs, and Economic Traits in Broiler Chickens. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 10:434-41.

[3] Anderson A, Slootmaker C, Harper E, Holderieath J, Shwiff SA (2016) Economic estimates of feral swine damage and control in 11 US states. Crop Protection. 89:89-94. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.06.023

[4] Avery ML, Decker DG, Humphrey JS, Aronov E, Linscombe SD, Way MO (1995) Methyl anthranilate as a rice seed treatment to deter birds. The Journal of wildlife management 59:50-56.

[5] Babbar BK, Kaur J, Singla N, Mahal AK (2015) Effectiveness and persistence of cinnamic aldehyde as an antifeedant on rats under storage conditions. Crop Protection 67:235-42.

[6] Bala B, Babbar BK (2019) Development and testing of methyl anthranilate based formulations against rodents. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7:1586-95.

[7] Belant JL, Seamans TW, Dolbeer RA, Woronecki PP (1997) Evaluation of methyl anthranilate as a woodpecker repellent. International Journal of Pest Management 43:59-62.

[8] Code of Federal Regulations. Food and Drugs (1998) 21, Part 182. 60, p.391.

[9] Cummings JL, Avery ML, Pochop PA, Davis Jr JE, Decker DG, Krupa HW, Johnson JW (1995) Evaluation of a methyl anthranilate formulation for reducing bird damage to blueberries. Crop Protection 14:257-9.

[10] Curtis PD, Merwin IA, Pritts MP, Peterson DV (1994) Chemical repellents and plastic netting for reducing bird damage to sweet cherries, blueberries, and grapes. HortScience 29:1151-1155.

[11] Day JE, Kyriazakis I, Rogers PJ (1998) Food choice and intake: towards a unifying framework of learning and feeding motivation. Nutrition Research Reviews 11:25-43.

[12] Eladia RE, Ampode KM. (2021) Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Pod meal: nutrient analysis and its effect on the growth performance and cell-mediated immunity of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Health and Production 9:170-7. doi: 10.17582/journal.jahp/2021/9.2.170.177

[13] Jenner PM, Hagan EC, Taylor JM, Cook EL, Fitzhugh OG (1964) Food flavourings and compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 2:327-43. doi: 10.1016/S0015-6264(64)80192-9

[14] Jeong MG, Rathnayake D, Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Park KW, Lee SR, Yang CJ (2020) Effect of a Sustainable Air Heat Pump System on Energy Efficiency, Housing Environment, and Productivity Traits in a Pig Farm. Sustainability 12:9772. doi: 10.3390/su12229772

[15] Jori F, Chenais E, Boinas F, Busauskas P, Dholllander S, Fleischmann L, Olsevskis E, Rijks JM, Schulz K, Thulke HH, Viltrop A (2020) Application of the World Café method to discuss the efficiency of African swine fever control strategies in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations. Preventive veterinary medicine 185:105178.

[16] Kaur R, Babbar B, Pathak D, Bala B (2020) Behavior Responses and Histological Changes in Sense Organ of House Rats Exposed to Methyl Anthranilate: A Known Repellent. InProc Indian National Science Academy 86:1423-1433.

[17] Lapidge S, Wishart J, Staples L, Fagerstone K, Campbell TA, Eisemann, JD (2012) Development of a Feral Swine Toxic Bait (Hog-Gone®) and Bait Hopper (Hog-HopperTM) in Australia and the USA. Proceedings of the 14th WDM Conference, USDA National Wildlife Center - Staff Publications. 1158.

[18] Li T, Sun X, Chen H, He B, Mei Y, Wang D, Li J (2020) Methyl anthranilate: a novel quorum sensing inhibitor and anti-biofilm agent against Aeromonas sobria. Food microbiology 86:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103356

[19] Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (2011)100 of the world's worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database In Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions; Simberloff, D., Rejmanek, M., Eds.; University of California Press, 1-11.

[20] Marples NM, Roper TJ (1997) Response of domestic chicks to methyl anthranilate odour. Animal behaviour 53:1263-70.

[21] Mason JR, Avery ML, Glahn JF, Otis DL, Matteson RE, Nelms CO (1991) Evaluation of methyl anthranilate and starch-plated dimethyl anthranilate as bird repellent feed additives. The Journal of wildlife management 55:182-7.

[22] Mason JR, Avery ML, Otis DL (1989) Standard protocol for evaluation of repellent effectiveness with birds. Bird Section Research 20:1-20.

[23] Mason JR, Clark L (1995) Evaluation of methyl anthranilate and activated charcoal as snow goose grazing deterrents. Crop Protection 14:467-9.

[24] Miller AL, Dalton HA, Kanellos T, Kyriazakis I (2019) How many pigs within a group need to be sick to lead to a diagnostic change in the group's behavior? Journal of Animal Science 97:1956-66. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz083

[25] Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (2021) Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs/ South Korea. https://www.mafra.go.kr/. https://tinyurl.com/4prsm67r. Accessed: May 12, 2022

[26] Ministry of Environments Harmful Animal Damage Status (MEHADS) (2022) Damage to harmful wildlife by year ('14~'18). https://tinyurl.com/2w5fnyuy. Accessed: January 14, 2022.

[27] Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Jeong MG, Rathnayake D, Won JS, Park KW, Lee SR, Ryu SB, Yang CJ (2020) Effect of a Heating System Using a Ground Source Geothermal Heat Pump on Production Performance, Energy-Saving and Housing Environment of Pigs. Animals 10:2075. doi: 10.3390/ani10112075.

[28] Pimentel, D. In Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium (eds Witmer, G. W.) 2–8 (2007) U.S.Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center.

[29] Shapiro L, Eason C, Bunt C, Hix S, Aylett P, MacMorran D (2016) Efficacy of encapsulated sodium nitrite as a new tool for feral pig management. Journal of Pest Science 89:489-95. doi: 10.1007/s10340-015-0706-7.

[30] Singla N, Kaur R (2014) Potential of citronella oil as rodent repellent measured as aversion to food. Applied Biological Research 16:191-8. doi: 10.5958/0974-4517.2014.00010.X.

[31] Snow NP, Halseth JM, Foster JA, Lavelle MJ, Fischer JW, Glow MP, Messer IA, Cook SM, VerCauteren KC (2021). Deterring non-target birds from toxic bait sites for wild pigs. Scientific reports 11:1-3. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99547-8.

[32] Sun Q, Gates MJ, Lavin EH, Acree TE, Sacks GL (2011) Comparison of odor-active compounds in grapes and wines from Vitis vinifera and non-foxy American grape species. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 59:10657-64.

[33] Svensson C, Jensen MB (2007) Identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic milk feeders. Journal of Dairy Science 90:994-7. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71584-9.

[34] Weary DM, Huzzey JM, Von Keyserlingk MA (2009). Board-invited review: Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals. Journal of Animal Science 87:770-7.

[35] Werner SJ, Avery ML (2017) Chemical Repellents. In Ecology and Management of Blackbirds (Icteridae) in North America; CRC Press, pp. 135-158

[36] Yon H (2019) Rising urban presence of wild boars threatens city dwellers https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20191029009800315. Accessed: March 21, 2022.

[37] Zhuchaev KV, Suetov NV, Kaufmann O, Kochneva ML (2020) Influence of breed on behavioral preferences of pigs. Indian Journal of Animal Research 54:642-646.

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