New data on the nesting sites selection and breeding success of three bird species in the riparian vegetation of Northwest African rivers

Mohammed Hmidani; Ismail Mansouri; Wafae Squalli; Ikram Douini; Mohamed Mounir; Abdelbary El Agy; Aziz Zahri; Soukaina Chellik; Lahsen El Ghadraoui; Amal Azzouzi

doi:10.31893/jabb.2024014

Keywords:

Breeding sites

nest-niche partitioning

breeding success

passerines and Columbidae

riparian vegetation

Abstract

Many avian species partition feeding and breeding resources to avoid competition for nesting and food elements. This competition frequently leads to the segregation of space and time use among cohabiting species. The breeding requirements of coexisting species and drivers of segregation are poorly understood in passerine birds. In this study, we monitored nesting habitats, nest placement, and breeding success among two passerine birds, Hippolais polyglotta and Turdus merula, and the Columbidae species Streptopelia turtur arenicola, in rivers of the upper Moulouya (Morocco) Mountains to examine the levels of habitat partitioning, success rates, and governing factors during the breeding season. We recorded the nests, nesting sites, nest placements, and success rates of the studied species along three rivers during 2017 and 2019. Our results revealed important breeding activity in the studied birds, with 420 nests of H. polyglotta and 88 nests of T. merula, compared to 99 nests of S. t. arenicola. Nest niches were segregated between passerines and Columbidae and within passerines. Nesting sites were segregated along sections of rivers except for nests of H. polyglotta, which were shared between upstream and intermediate zones. Nest substrates were partially segregated among the three species; nests of H. polyglotta and S. t. arenicola were commonly constructed on Crataegus monogyna and Rosa canina substrates, while nests of T. merula were on Salix sp. Similarly, vertical placements of nests were segregated among birds. Breeding success rates differed among birds (94.44% in T. merula, 87.88% in H. polyglotta, and 55.56% in S. t. arenicola) due to human and natural factors. Finally, this study confirmed the first breeding case of H. polyglotta on the southern slope of the Mediterranean and provided new insight into nest niches in cohabiting passerines and Columbidae species cobred in riparian vegetation in Morocco and the entire region of North Africa. However, future investigations are required to understand the main reasons behind the selection of nesting habitats for passerine species, particularly in farmlands.
References
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2. Ahamrouni J (1996) Érosion hydrique dans le bassin versant de la Moulouya (Maroc Oriental): recherche des zones sources d’envasement de la retenue du barrage Mohamed V. PhD Thesis, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Dakar, SN
3. Arizaga J, Alonso D, Crespo A, Esparza X, Fernández E, López I, Martín D, Vilches A (2020) Yearly variation in the structure and diversity of a non-breeding passerine bird community in a Mediterranean wetland. Avian Research 11:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00215-8
4. Assandri G, Giacomazzo M, Brambilla M, Griggio M, Pedrini P (2017) Nest density, nest-site selection, and breeding success of birds in vineyards: Management implications for conservation in a highly intensive farming system. Biological Conservation 205:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.020
5. Begehold H, Rzanny M, Flade M (2015) Forest development phases as an integrating tool to describe habitat preferences of breeding birds in lowland beech forests. J Ornithol 156:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1095-z
6. Bergier P, Sadak M, CHM (2022) Les oiseaux rares au Maroc. Rapport de la Commission d’Homologation Marocaine Numéro 27. Eléments d’Ornithologie Marocaine:41 pp.
7. Bonaparte EB, Cockle KL (2017) Nest niche overlap among the endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea) and sympatric cavity-using birds, mammals, and social insects in the subtropical Atlantic Forest, Argentina. The Condor 119:58–72. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-16-94.1
8. Cherkaoui SI, Hanane S, Magri N (2015) Factors Influencing Species-Richness of Breeding Waterbirds in Moroccan IBA and Ramsar Wetlands: A Macroecological Approach. Wetlands 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0682-y
9. Cherkaoui SI, Selmi S, Amhaouch Z, Hanane S (2018) Assessment of the effectiveness of wetland protection in improving waterbird diversity in a Moroccan wetland system. Environ Monit Assess 190:699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7092-6
10. Dinkins JB, Conover MR, Kirol CP, Beck JL, Frey SN (2014) Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) select habitat based on avian predators, landscape composition, and anthropogenic features. The Condor 116:629–642. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-13-163.1
11. Douini I, Mounir M, Mansouri I, Squalli W, Benka E-M, Ouibimah A, Khachtib Y, Dakki M, Hammada S (2022) Urban landscapes are richer in bird species when compared to farming lands: evidence from morocco (Northwest Africa). Zoology and Ecology 32. https://doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2022.2.2
12. El Hassani A, Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, Assouguem A, Bouayad K, Markou A, Mounir M, Achiban H, Dakki M (2021) Breeding Performances of the European Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Morocco: Habitat Selection, Breeding Phenology, and Breeding Success. International Journal of Zoology 2021
13. Faivre B, Auger PM (1993) Competition and predation models applied to the case of the sibling birds species ofHippolais in Burgundy. Acta Biotheor 41:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712771
14. Fan M, Shibata H (2015) Simulation of watershed hydrology and stream water quality under land use and climate change scenarios in Teshio River watershed, northern Japan. Ecological Indicators 50:79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.003
15. Hama F, Gargallo G, Benhoussa A, Zerdouk S, Idrissi HR (2013) Autumn body condition of Palaearctic trans-Saharan migrant passerines at an oasis in southeast Morocco. Ringing & Migration 28:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03078698.2013.869886
16. Han Y, Bai J, Zhang Z, Wu T, Chen P, Sun G, Miao L, Xu Z, Yu L, Zhu C, Zhao D, Ge G, Ruan L (2019) Nest site selection for five common birds and their coexistence in an urban habitat. Science of The Total Environment 690:748–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.508
17. Hanane S (2016) Effects of location, orchard type, laying period and nest position on the reproductive performance of Turtle Doves (Streptopelia turtur) on intensively cultivated farmland. Avian Res 7:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-016-0039-0
18. Hanane S (2018) Multi-scale turtle dove nest habitat selection in a Mediterranean agroforestry landscape: implications for the conservation of a vulnerable species. European Journal of Wildlife Research 64:1–9
19. Kettel EF, Gentle LK, Quinn JL, Yarnell RW (2018) The breeding performance of raptors in urban landscapes: a review and meta-analysis. J Ornithol 159:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1497-9
20. Laikun M, Canchao Y, Wei L (2021) Nest-Site Choice and Breeding Success among Four Sympatric Species of Passerine Birds in a Reedbed-Dominated Wetland. jore 12:22–29. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.003
21. Mainwaring MC (2015) The use of man-made structures as nesting sites by birds: A review of the costs and benefits. Journal for Nature Conservation 25:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.02.007
22. Mansouri I, Al-Sadoon MK, Rochdi M, Paray BA, Dakki M, Elghadraoui L (2019) Diversity of feeding habitats and diet composition in the turtle doves Streptopelia turtur to buffer loss and modification of natural habitats during breeding season. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26:957–962
23. Mansouri I, El Hassani A, El Agy A, Squalli W, Mounir M, Assouguem A, Salai KE, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021a) Foraging efforts and behaviour of the European Turtle doves (Streptopelia turtur) during the breeding season. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 9:0–0
24. Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Squalli W, El Agy A, EL-Hassani A, Mounir M, Elghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021b) New data on migration time, breeding phenology, and breeding success of European turtle doves in their highest breeding habitats in North Africa. International Journal of Zoology 2021
25. Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Squalli W, Sqalli H, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2020) The turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) in Midelt plain, Morocco: nesting preferences and breeding success versus the impact of predation and agricultural practices. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 8:206–214
26. Mansouri I, Squalli W, Achiban H, Mounir M, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2022a) Segregation of breeding habitats and feeding resources among five north African game species in Midelt province, Morocco. Biologia 77:137–148
27. Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, Ben Hichou B, El Hassani A, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021c) Avifauna diversity in the gate between humid atlas and saharan desert: Midelt province, Morocco. International Journal of Zoology 2021
28. Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, El-Hassani A, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021d) Comparison of nesting features and breeding success of turtle dove Streptopelia turtur between orchards and riparian habitats. International Journal of Zoology 2021
29. Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, Salai KE, Bouayad K, Benhichou B, El Hassani A, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2022b) Analysis of Moroccan breeding and wintering population of the vulnerable European Turtle dove Streptopelia turtur: Breeding habitats, wintering sites and governing factors. Scientific African 15:e01110
30. Mounir M, Dakki M, Douini I, Benka E-M, Abdessamad O, Nouri A, Mansouri I, Hammada S (2022) The avifauna of two High Atlas valleys: breeding assemblages in forest stands and open lands. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 10:2225–2225. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.22025
31. Mounir M, Mansouri I, Squalli W, Hammada S, Dakki M (2023) Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of North African Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hartert, EJO, 1894): First Migrants Arrive Early and Select Nesting Trees next to Foraging Resources while Second Breeders’ Wave Breed around Earlier Nests. International Journal of Zoology 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8863486
32. Park S-R, Kim K-Y, Chung H, Choi Y-S, Sung H-C (2011) Vertical nest stratification and breeding success in a six mixed-species heronry in Taeseong, Chungbuk, Korea. Animal Cells and Systems 15:85–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2011.555119
33. Prodon R, Lebreton J-D (1981) Breeding Avifauna of a Mediterranean Succession: The Holm oak and Cork Oak Series in the Eastern Pyrenees, 1. Analysis and Modelling of the Structure Gradient. Oikos 37:21–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544069
34. Squalli W, Mansouri I, Douini I, Achiban H, Fadil F, Dakki M, Wink M (2022a) Diversity of Avian Species in Peri-Urban Landscapes Surrounding Fez in Morocco: Species Richness, Breeding Populations, and Evaluation of Menacing Factors. Diversity 14:945. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110945
35. Squalli W, Mansouri I, El Hassani A, El Agy A, Assouguem A, Slimani C, Fadil F, Dakki M (2021) Macro-habitat, micro-habitat segregation and breeding success of the ‘vulnerable’native European turtle dove and the ‘invasive’Eurasian collared dove from a North African agricultural area. Biologia 1–8
36. Squalli W, Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Ben Hichou B, Achiban H, Fadil F, Dakki M (2022b) A New Feature of Nesting Ecology in the Vulnerable European Turtle Dove: Nest Site and Nesting Tree Sharing with Coexisting Species at Three North African Wetlands. International Journal of Ecology 2022
37. Squalli W, Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Hmidani M, Achiban H, Fadil F, Dakki M (2022c) New Data on Breeding Strategies and Reproductive Success of the Globally Threatened Turtle Dove Co-Occurring with the “Competitive” Collared Dove and the “Predatory” Maghreb Magpie in Olive Orchards. International Journal of Zoology 2022
38. Squalli W, Wink M, Mansouri I, Fadil F, Dakki M (2022d) High density and successful breeding of Turtle doves Streptopelia turtur in Moroccan olive groves. PeerJ 10. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14375
39. Tapia L, Zuberogoitia I, Sarasola JH, Grande JM, Negro JJ (2018) Birds of Prey. In: Breeding and nesting biology in Raptors. Springer Publishing Switzerland, pp 63–94
40. Traba J, Morales MB (2019) The decline of farmland birds in Spain is strongly associated to the loss of fallowland. Sci Rep 9:9473. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45854-0
41. Wakass S, Mounir M, Squalli W, Mansouri I, Dbiba Y, Hmidani M, Chellik S, Douini I, Youssi ME, Azzouzi ME (2023) Diversity of avian species, their ecosystems and climate conditions in two zones of High Atlas (central Morocco) for ecotouristic purposes. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 11:0–0
42. Wauchope HS, Shaw JD, Varpe Ø, Lappo EG, Boertmann D, Lanctot RB, Fuller RA (2017) Rapid climate-driven loss of breeding habitat for Arctic migratory birds. Global Change Biology 23:1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.1340

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How to cite

Hmidani, M., Mansouri, I., Squalli, W., Douini, I., Mounir, M., El Agy, A., Zahri, A., Chellik, S., El Ghadraoui, L., & Azzouzi, A. (2024). New data on the nesting sites selection and breeding success of three bird species in the riparian vegetation of Northwest African rivers. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 12(2), 2024014. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.2024014

[1] Achiban H, Mansouri I, Squalli W, Achiban H, Lagsaibi H, Afenzar M, Taous A (2022) Avifauna of the Oued Bouhellou Valley (Morocco): remarkable diversity, five new breeding cases and mapping of nesting sites. Zoology and Ecology 32:36–48. https://doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2022.1.5

[2] Ahamrouni J (1996) Érosion hydrique dans le bassin versant de la Moulouya (Maroc Oriental): recherche des zones sources d’envasement de la retenue du barrage Mohamed V. PhD Thesis, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Dakar, SN

[3] Arizaga J, Alonso D, Crespo A, Esparza X, Fernández E, López I, Martín D, Vilches A (2020) Yearly variation in the structure and diversity of a non-breeding passerine bird community in a Mediterranean wetland. Avian Research 11:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00215-8

[4] Assandri G, Giacomazzo M, Brambilla M, Griggio M, Pedrini P (2017) Nest density, nest-site selection, and breeding success of birds in vineyards: Management implications for conservation in a highly intensive farming system. Biological Conservation 205:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.020

[5] Begehold H, Rzanny M, Flade M (2015) Forest development phases as an integrating tool to describe habitat preferences of breeding birds in lowland beech forests. J Ornithol 156:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1095-z

[6] Bergier P, Sadak M, CHM (2022) Les oiseaux rares au Maroc. Rapport de la Commission d’Homologation Marocaine Numéro 27. Eléments d’Ornithologie Marocaine:41 pp.

[7] Bonaparte EB, Cockle KL (2017) Nest niche overlap among the endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea) and sympatric cavity-using birds, mammals, and social insects in the subtropical Atlantic Forest, Argentina. The Condor 119:58–72. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-16-94.1

[8] Cherkaoui SI, Hanane S, Magri N (2015) Factors Influencing Species-Richness of Breeding Waterbirds in Moroccan IBA and Ramsar Wetlands: A Macroecological Approach. Wetlands 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0682-y

[9] Cherkaoui SI, Selmi S, Amhaouch Z, Hanane S (2018) Assessment of the effectiveness of wetland protection in improving waterbird diversity in a Moroccan wetland system. Environ Monit Assess 190:699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7092-6

[10] Dinkins JB, Conover MR, Kirol CP, Beck JL, Frey SN (2014) Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) select habitat based on avian predators, landscape composition, and anthropogenic features. The Condor 116:629–642. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-13-163.1

[11] Douini I, Mounir M, Mansouri I, Squalli W, Benka E-M, Ouibimah A, Khachtib Y, Dakki M, Hammada S (2022) Urban landscapes are richer in bird species when compared to farming lands: evidence from morocco (Northwest Africa). Zoology and Ecology 32. https://doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2022.2.2

[12] El Hassani A, Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, Assouguem A, Bouayad K, Markou A, Mounir M, Achiban H, Dakki M (2021) Breeding Performances of the European Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Morocco: Habitat Selection, Breeding Phenology, and Breeding Success. International Journal of Zoology 2021

[13] Faivre B, Auger PM (1993) Competition and predation models applied to the case of the sibling birds species ofHippolais in Burgundy. Acta Biotheor 41:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712771

[14] Fan M, Shibata H (2015) Simulation of watershed hydrology and stream water quality under land use and climate change scenarios in Teshio River watershed, northern Japan. Ecological Indicators 50:79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.003

[15] Hama F, Gargallo G, Benhoussa A, Zerdouk S, Idrissi HR (2013) Autumn body condition of Palaearctic trans-Saharan migrant passerines at an oasis in southeast Morocco. Ringing & Migration 28:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03078698.2013.869886

[16] Han Y, Bai J, Zhang Z, Wu T, Chen P, Sun G, Miao L, Xu Z, Yu L, Zhu C, Zhao D, Ge G, Ruan L (2019) Nest site selection for five common birds and their coexistence in an urban habitat. Science of The Total Environment 690:748–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.508

[17] Hanane S (2016) Effects of location, orchard type, laying period and nest position on the reproductive performance of Turtle Doves (Streptopelia turtur) on intensively cultivated farmland. Avian Res 7:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-016-0039-0

[18] Hanane S (2018) Multi-scale turtle dove nest habitat selection in a Mediterranean agroforestry landscape: implications for the conservation of a vulnerable species. European Journal of Wildlife Research 64:1–9

[19] Kettel EF, Gentle LK, Quinn JL, Yarnell RW (2018) The breeding performance of raptors in urban landscapes: a review and meta-analysis. J Ornithol 159:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1497-9

[20] Laikun M, Canchao Y, Wei L (2021) Nest-Site Choice and Breeding Success among Four Sympatric Species of Passerine Birds in a Reedbed-Dominated Wetland. jore 12:22–29. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.003

[21] Mainwaring MC (2015) The use of man-made structures as nesting sites by birds: A review of the costs and benefits. Journal for Nature Conservation 25:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.02.007

[22] Mansouri I, Al-Sadoon MK, Rochdi M, Paray BA, Dakki M, Elghadraoui L (2019) Diversity of feeding habitats and diet composition in the turtle doves Streptopelia turtur to buffer loss and modification of natural habitats during breeding season. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26:957–962

[23] Mansouri I, El Hassani A, El Agy A, Squalli W, Mounir M, Assouguem A, Salai KE, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021a) Foraging efforts and behaviour of the European Turtle doves (Streptopelia turtur) during the breeding season. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 9:0–0

[24] Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Squalli W, El Agy A, EL-Hassani A, Mounir M, Elghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021b) New data on migration time, breeding phenology, and breeding success of European turtle doves in their highest breeding habitats in North Africa. International Journal of Zoology 2021

[25] Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Squalli W, Sqalli H, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2020) The turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) in Midelt plain, Morocco: nesting preferences and breeding success versus the impact of predation and agricultural practices. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 8:206–214

[26] Mansouri I, Squalli W, Achiban H, Mounir M, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2022a) Segregation of breeding habitats and feeding resources among five north African game species in Midelt province, Morocco. Biologia 77:137–148

[27] Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, Ben Hichou B, El Hassani A, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021c) Avifauna diversity in the gate between humid atlas and saharan desert: Midelt province, Morocco. International Journal of Zoology 2021

[28] Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, El-Hassani A, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2021d) Comparison of nesting features and breeding success of turtle dove Streptopelia turtur between orchards and riparian habitats. International Journal of Zoology 2021

[29] Mansouri I, Squalli W, El Agy A, Salai KE, Bouayad K, Benhichou B, El Hassani A, El Ghadraoui L, Dakki M (2022b) Analysis of Moroccan breeding and wintering population of the vulnerable European Turtle dove Streptopelia turtur: Breeding habitats, wintering sites and governing factors. Scientific African 15:e01110

[30] Mounir M, Dakki M, Douini I, Benka E-M, Abdessamad O, Nouri A, Mansouri I, Hammada S (2022) The avifauna of two High Atlas valleys: breeding assemblages in forest stands and open lands. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 10:2225–2225. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.22025

[31] Mounir M, Mansouri I, Squalli W, Hammada S, Dakki M (2023) Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of North African Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hartert, EJO, 1894): First Migrants Arrive Early and Select Nesting Trees next to Foraging Resources while Second Breeders’ Wave Breed around Earlier Nests. International Journal of Zoology 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8863486

[32] Park S-R, Kim K-Y, Chung H, Choi Y-S, Sung H-C (2011) Vertical nest stratification and breeding success in a six mixed-species heronry in Taeseong, Chungbuk, Korea. Animal Cells and Systems 15:85–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2011.555119

[33] Prodon R, Lebreton J-D (1981) Breeding Avifauna of a Mediterranean Succession: The Holm oak and Cork Oak Series in the Eastern Pyrenees, 1. Analysis and Modelling of the Structure Gradient. Oikos 37:21–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544069

[34] Squalli W, Mansouri I, Douini I, Achiban H, Fadil F, Dakki M, Wink M (2022a) Diversity of Avian Species in Peri-Urban Landscapes Surrounding Fez in Morocco: Species Richness, Breeding Populations, and Evaluation of Menacing Factors. Diversity 14:945. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110945

[35] Squalli W, Mansouri I, El Hassani A, El Agy A, Assouguem A, Slimani C, Fadil F, Dakki M (2021) Macro-habitat, micro-habitat segregation and breeding success of the ‘vulnerable’native European turtle dove and the ‘invasive’Eurasian collared dove from a North African agricultural area. Biologia 1–8

[36] Squalli W, Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Ben Hichou B, Achiban H, Fadil F, Dakki M (2022b) A New Feature of Nesting Ecology in the Vulnerable European Turtle Dove: Nest Site and Nesting Tree Sharing with Coexisting Species at Three North African Wetlands. International Journal of Ecology 2022

[37] Squalli W, Mansouri I, Ousaaid D, Hmidani M, Achiban H, Fadil F, Dakki M (2022c) New Data on Breeding Strategies and Reproductive Success of the Globally Threatened Turtle Dove Co-Occurring with the “Competitive” Collared Dove and the “Predatory” Maghreb Magpie in Olive Orchards. International Journal of Zoology 2022

[38] Squalli W, Wink M, Mansouri I, Fadil F, Dakki M (2022d) High density and successful breeding of Turtle doves Streptopelia turtur in Moroccan olive groves. PeerJ 10. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14375

[39] Tapia L, Zuberogoitia I, Sarasola JH, Grande JM, Negro JJ (2018) Birds of Prey. In: Breeding and nesting biology in Raptors. Springer Publishing Switzerland, pp 63–94

[40] Traba J, Morales MB (2019) The decline of farmland birds in Spain is strongly associated to the loss of fallowland. Sci Rep 9:9473. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45854-0

[41] Wakass S, Mounir M, Squalli W, Mansouri I, Dbiba Y, Hmidani M, Chellik S, Douini I, Youssi ME, Azzouzi ME (2023) Diversity of avian species, their ecosystems and climate conditions in two zones of High Atlas (central Morocco) for ecotouristic purposes. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 11:0–0

[42] Wauchope HS, Shaw JD, Varpe Ø, Lappo EG, Boertmann D, Lanctot RB, Fuller RA (2017) Rapid climate-driven loss of breeding habitat for Arctic migratory birds. Global Change Biology 23:1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.1340

Abstract

References

How to cite