Animal welfare on Argentinean dairy farms based on the Welfare Quality® protocol framework

Belen Lazzarini; Pol Llonch; Javier Baudracco

doi:10.31893/jabb.2024010

Keywords:

Abstract

Animal welfare is a multidimensional concept that comprises animal health, mental state and natural living conditions and plays an essential role in dairy production. On dairy farms, animal welfare can be assessed with different available protocols. The goal of this study was to describe the animal welfare strengths and hazards of dairy farms in Argentina using the Welfare Quality® protocol as a framework. We conducted a literature search using the Scopus database to find articles related to the measures included in the protocol for Argentinean farms. Furthermore, we included data from national statistics. The data available were grouped according to the four principles of the protocol: good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behavior. The results suggest that cows are well nourished; however, water provision is limited because grazing cows need to walk long distances, between 244 m and 460 m, to access a water point. Heat stress is a notable constraint affecting the welfare of cows, as the temperature-humidity index is greater than 72 for at least 100 days during the year. The prevalence of lameness and downer cows was estimated to be 2.2% and 0.7%, respectively, which are below the thresholds for ensuring good welfare. The annual average somatic cell count was 385,000/ml, close to the cutoff recommended for good health. The mortality rate of the cows was higher than recommended. The main strength of Argentinean dairy farms in relation to animal welfare is access to pasture throughout the year for 90% of the farms.
References
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How to cite

Lazzarini, B., Llonch, P., & Baudracco, J. (2024). Animal welfare on Argentinean dairy farms based on the Welfare Quality® protocol framework. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 12(2), 2024010. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.2024010

[1] Alonso ME, González-Montaña JR, Lomillos JM (2020) Consumers’ concerns and perceptions of farm animal welfare. Animals (Basel) 10:385. doi: 10.3390/ani1003038.

[2] Aquilani C, Confessore A, Bozzi R, Sirtori F, Pugliese C (2022) Review: Precision Livestock Farming technologies in pasture-based livestock systems. Animal 16:100429. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100429.

[3] Armstrong DV (1994) Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. Journal of Dairy Science 77:2044–2050. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77149-6.

[4] Baudracco J, Lazzarini B, Rosset A, Jauregui J, Braida D, Maiztegui J (2014) Cuantificación de limitantes productivas en tambos de Argentina: reporte final. Available at: http://factorhumanoentambo.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Proyecto-INDICES-Convenio-JIPL-FCA.pdf. Accessed on: June 2, 2023.

[5] Baudracco J, Lazzarini B, Rossler N, Gastaldi L, Jauregui J, Fariña S (2022) Strategies to double milk production per farm in Argentina: Investment, economics and risk analysis. Agricultural Systems 197:103366. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103366.

[6] Beggs DS, Fisher AD, Jongman EC, Hemsworth PH (2015) A survey of Australian dairy farmers to investigate animal welfare risks associated with increasing scale of production. Journal of Dairy Science 98:5330–5338. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-9239.

[7] Berckmans D (2017) General introduction to precision livestock farming. Animal Frontiers 7:6–11. doi: 10.2527/af.2017.0102.

[8] Bewley JM, Robertson LM, Eckelkamp EA (2017) A 100-Year Review: Lactating dairy cattle housing management. Journal of Dairy Science 100:10418–10431. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13251.

[9] Broom DM (1986) Indicators of poor welfare. The British Veterinary Journal 142:524–526. doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90109-0.

[10] Bruckmaier RM, Gross, JJ (2017). Lactational challenges in transition dairy cows. Animal Production Science 57:1471. doi: 10.1071/an16657.

[11] Brunner N, Groeger S, Canelas Raposo J, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ (2019). Prevalence of subclinical ketosis and production diseases in dairy cows in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Eastern Europe1. Translational Animal Science 3:84–92. doi: 10.1093/tas/txy102.

[12] Ceballos MC, Sant’Anna AC, Boivin X, de Oliveira Costa F, Paranhos da Costa, MJR (2018) Impact of good practices of handling training on beef cattle welfare and stockpeople attitudes and behaviors. Livest. Sci. 216:24–31. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.06.019.

[13] Chiquitelli Neto M, Titto CG, Maia ASC, Puoli Filho JNP, Longo ALS, Leme-dos-Santos, TDC, Titto EAL, Camerro LZ, Pereira AMF (2015) Rational management raises the Guzerat cattle welfare and improves the efficiency of vaccination work. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 3:101-106. doi: 10.14269/2318-1265/jabb.v3n4p101-106.

[14] Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox CJ (1982) Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. Journal of Dairy Science 65:2213–2227. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82484-3.

[15] Collier RJ, Dahl, GE, VanBaale MJ (2006) Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89:1244–1253. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72193-2.

[16] Costa A, Neglia G, Campanile G, De Marchi M (2020) Milk somatic cell count and its relationship with milk yield and quality traits in Italian water buffaloes. Journal of . Dairy Science. 103:5485–5494. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-18009.

[17] De Rensis F, Garcia-Ispierto I, López-Gatius F (2015) Seasonal heat stress: Clinical implications and hormone treatments for the fertility of dairy cows. Theriogenology 84:659–666. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.04.021.

[18] EFSA European Food Safety Authority. (2009). Scientific opinion on welfare of dairy cows in relation to behaviour, fear and pain based on a risk assessment with special reference to the impact of housing, feeding, management and genetic selection: Scientific opinion on welfare of dairy cows in relation to behavioour, fear and pain based on a risk assessment with special reference to the impact of. EFSA Journal 7, 1139. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1139.

[19] Engler P, Cuatrin A, Apez M, Maekawa M, Litwin G, Centeno A, Marino M, Moretto M (2022) Argentine dairy statistics 2020-2021. Available at: https://www.ocla.org.ar/noticias/25641619-encuesta-lechera-inta-2020-2021-documento-completo. Accessed on: August 16, 2023.

[20] Estévez-Moreno LX, Miranda-de la Lama GC, Miguel-Pacheco GG (2022) Consumer attitudes towards farm animal welfare in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia: A segmentation-based study. Meat Science 187:108747. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108747.

[21] Farm Animal Care Manual Version 4.0 (n.d.). Nationaldairyfarm.com. Available at: https://nationaldairyfarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Animal-Care-V4-Manual-Print-Friendly.pdf. Accessed on: December 28, 2022.

[22] Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Thomsen N (1994) Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77:2695–2703. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77212-X.

[23] Fernandes JN, Hemsworth PH, Coleman GJ, Tilbrook, AJ (2021) Costs and benefits of improving farm animal welfare. Agriculture 11:104. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11020104.

[24] Fraser D (2008) Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50:S1. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-s1-s1.

[25] Galán E, Llonch P, Villagrá A, Levit H, Pinto S, del Prado A (2018) A systematic review of non-productivity-related animal-based indicators of heat stress resilience in dairy cattle. PLoS One 13?e0206520. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206520.

[26] Gantner V, Bobic T, Gantner R, Gregic M, Kuterovac K, Novakovic J, Potocnik K (2017) Differences in response to heat stress due to production level and breed of dairy cows. International Journal of Biometeorology 61:1675–1685. doi: 10.1007/s00484-017-1348-7.

[27] Gastaldi LB, Gattinoni NN, De Ruyver R, Toffoli G (2022) Índice de temperatura y humedad en localidades argentinas. Revista FAVE Sección Ciencias Agrarias 21:12324. doi: 10.14409/fa.v21i2.12324.

[28] Grummer RR (1995) Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science 73:2820–2833. doi: 10.2527/1995.7392820x.

[29] Hand KJ, Godkin A, Kelton DF (2012) Milk production and somatic cell counts: A cow-level analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 95:1358–1362. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4927.

[30] Jensen MB, Vestergaard M (2021) Invited review: Freedom from thirst-Do dairy cows and calves have sufficient access to drinking water? Journal of Dairy Science 104:11368–11385. doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-20487.

[31] Ji B, Banhazi T, Perano K, Ghahramani A, Bowtell L, Wang C, Li B (2020). A review of measuring, assessing and mitigating heat stress in dairy cattle. Biosystems Engineering 199:4–26. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.07.009.

[32] Kendall PE, Nielsen PP, Webster JR., Verkerk GA, Littlejohn RP, Matthews LR (2006) The effects of providing shade to lactating dairy cows in a temperate climate. Livestock Science 103:148–157. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.004.

[33] Krueger A, Cruickshank J, Trevisi E, Bionaz,M (2020) Systems for evaluation of welfare on dairy farms. The Journal of Dairy Research 87:13–19. doi: 10.1017/S0022029920000461.

[34] Lara R, Lazzarini B, Baudracco J (2019) Caracterización técnico-productiva de fincas lecheras del noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences: Ex Agro-Ciencia. doi: 10.4067/s0719-38902019005000304.

[35] Lazzarini B, Baudracco J, Tuñon G, Gastaldi L, Lyons N, Quattrochi H, Lopez-Villalobos N (2019). Review: Milk production from dairy cows in Argentina: Current state and perspectives for the future. Applied Animal Science 35:426–432. doi: 10.15232/aas.2019-01842.

[36] Mee JF, Boyle LA (2020) Assessing whether dairy cow welfare is “better” in pasture-based than in confinement-based management systems. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 68:168–177. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1721034.

[37] Melendez P, Bargo F, Tuñón G, Grigera, J (2020) Associations between postpartum diseases and milk yield and changes in body condition between drying off and parturition of dairy cows in Argentina. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 68:297–303. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1763218.

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