Interactions of environmental conditions, day-night cycles, and growing periods on postural behavior of pigs

Hong-Seok Mun; Eddiemar Lagua; Keiven Mark B. Ampode; Veasna Chem; Hae-Rang Park; Young-Hwa Kim; Chul-Ju Yang

doi:10.31893/jabb.23035

Keywords:

Abstract

Heat stress conditions can alter the physiology of animals, and these changes can be detrimental to their performance and health. The behavior of the animals is associated with their welfare and health. Understanding animals’ behavior in response to their environment is significant for better management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral response of pigs in terms of postural changes in different thermal conditions (thermoneutral and heat stress). A total of 26 growing pigs [(Largewhite x Landrace) x Duroc] were used for the evaluation. The effects of the thermal conditions, day-night cycles (daytime and nighttime), growing periods, and their interactions were determined using analysis of variance of a 2x2x3 Completely Randomized Design factorial. The results showed that 80% of the pigs were lying. It increased under heat stress condition and during the daytime. Lateral lying increased (p < 0.05) under heat stress condition, which was also affected by the day-night cycles and the growing period. High sternal lying (p < 0.05) was observed in the thermoneutral condition, and both groups had increasing (p < 0.05) sternal lying throughout growing periods. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in standing posture between groups. However, pigs in the thermoneutral condition had high standing at night and high standing during daytime in the heat stress condition. In conclusion, pigs behave differently based on their postural changes in different thermal conditions. Their behavior also differs between daytime and nighttime and throughout the growing period.
References
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7. Cornelison AS, Karriker LA, Williams NH, Haberl BJ, Stalder KJ, Schulz LL, Patience JF (2018) Impact of health challenges on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and net returns under commercial conditions. Translational Animal Science 2:50–61. doi:10.1093/tas/txx005.
8. Costantino A, Fabrizio E, Calvet S (2021) The Role of Climate Control in Monogastric Animal Farming: The Effects on Animal Welfare, Air Emissions, Productivity, Health, and Energy Use. Applied Sciences 11:9549. doi:10.3390/app11209549.
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28. Raghav S, Uppal V, Gupta A (2021) Comparative Study on Distribution of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in Skin of Different Domestic Animals. Indian Journal of Animal Research. doi:10.18805/IJAR.B-4228
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Mun, H.-S., Lagua, E., Ampode, K. M. B., Chem, V., Park, H.-R., Kim, Y.-H., & Yang, C.-J. (2023). Interactions of environmental conditions, day-night cycles, and growing periods on postural behavior of pigs. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 11(4), 2023035. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.23035

[1] Alameer A, Buijs S, O’Connell N, Dalton L, Larsen M, Pedersen L, Kyriazakis I (2022) Automated detection and quantification of contact behaviour in pigs using deep learning. Biosystems Engineering 224:118–130. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2022.10.002.

[2] Anderson LE, Holt JP, van Heugten E, Poole DH (2020) 3 Changes in growth performance, feeding behaviors, and posture behaviors of growing pigs subjected to low-intensity heat stress. Journal of Animal Science 98:3–4. doi:10.1093/jas/skaa278.006.

[3] Bonneau M, Poullet N, Beramice D, Dantec L, Canario L, Gourdine J-L (2021) Behavior Comparison During Chronic Heat Stress in Large White and Creole Pigs Using Image-Analysis. Frontiers in Animal Science 2.1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.784376.

[4] Boyd RD, Zier-Rush CE, Moeser AJ, Culbertson M, Stewart KR, Rosero DS, Patience JF (2019) Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry. Animal 13:2951–2966. doi:10.1017/S1751731119001915.

[5] Chen D, Zheng P, che lianqiang, Yu B (2019) 357 Bridging the gap between reality and genetic potential in pig performance by nutritional strategies. Journal of Animal Science 97:128. doi:10.1093/jas/skz258.262.

[6] Choi HL, Han SH, Albright LD, Chang WK (2011) The Correlation between Thermal and Noxious Gas Environments, Pig Productivity and Behavioral Responses of Growing Pigs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8:3514. doi:10.3390/ijerph8093514.

[7] Cornelison AS, Karriker LA, Williams NH, Haberl BJ, Stalder KJ, Schulz LL, Patience JF (2018) Impact of health challenges on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and net returns under commercial conditions. Translational Animal Science 2:50–61. doi:10.1093/tas/txx005.

[8] Costantino A, Fabrizio E, Calvet S (2021) The Role of Climate Control in Monogastric Animal Farming: The Effects on Animal Welfare, Air Emissions, Productivity, Health, and Energy Use. Applied Sciences 11:9549. doi:10.3390/app11209549.

[9] Ekkel ED, Spoolder HAM, Hulsegge I, Hopster H (2003) Lying characteristics as determinants for space requirements in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 80:19–30. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00154-5.

[10] Escobar J, Van Alstine WG, Baker DH, Johnson RW (2007) Behaviour of pigs with viral and bacterial pneumonia. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 105:42–50. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.06.005.

[11] da Fonseca de Oliveira AC, Vanelli K, Sotomaior CS, Weber SH, Costa LB (2019) Impacts on performance of growing-finishing pigs under heat stress conditions: a meta-analysis. Veterinary Research Communications 43:37–43. doi:10.1007/s11259-018-9741-1.

[12] Gómez-Prado J, Pereira AMF, Wang D, Villanueva-García D, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Avalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Casas-Alvarado A, Olmos-Hernández A, Ramírez-Necoechea R, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Hernández A, Torres F, Mota-Rojas D (2022) Thermoregulation mechanisms and perspectives for validating thermal windows in pigs with hypothermia and hyperthermia: An overview. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9:1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1023294

[13] Gourdine J-L, Rauw WM, Gilbert H, Poullet N (2021) The Genetics of Thermoregulation in Pigs: A Review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8:1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.770480.

[14] Hakansson F, Jensen DB (2023) Automatic monitoring and detection of tail-biting behavior in groups of pigs using video-based deep learning methods. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1099347

[15] Hall LE, Chalfoun AD (2019) Behavioural plasticity modulates temperature-related constraints on foraging time for a montane mammal. Journal of Animal Ecology 88, 363–375. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12925

[16] Huynh TTT, Aarnink AJA, Gerrits WJJ, Heetkamp MJH, Canh TT, Spoolder HAM, Kemp B, Verstegen MWA (2005) Thermal behaviour of growing pigs in response to high temperature and humidity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 91:1–16. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.10.020

[17] Jones JB, Burgess LR, Webster AJF, Wathes CM (1996) Behavioural responses of pigs to atmospheric ammonia in a chronic choice test. Animal Science 63, 437–445. doi:10.1017/S1357729800015332

[18] Mahfuz S, Mun H-S, Dilawar MA, Yang C-J (2022) Applications of Smart Technology as a Sustainable Strategy in Modern Swine Farming. Sustainability 14:2607. doi:10.3390/su14052607

[19] Matthews SG, Miller AL, PlÖtz T, Kyriazakis I (2017) Automated tracking to measure behavioural changes in pigs for health and welfare monitoring. Scientific Reports 7:17582. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17451-6.

[20] Mayorga EJ, Renaudeau D, Ramirez BC, Ross JW, Baumgard LH (2019) Heat stress adaptations in pigs. Animal Frontiers 9:54-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfy035

[21] Moreira VE, Veroneze R, Teixeira A dos R, Campos LD, Lino LFL, Santos GA, Silva BAN, Campos PHRF (2021) Effects of Ambient Temperature on the Performance and Thermoregulatory Responses of Commercial and Crossbred (Brazilian Piau Purebred Sires × Commercial Dams) Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals 11:3303. doi:10.3390/ani11113303.

[22] Mote BE, Rothschild MF (2020) Chapter 14 - Modern genetic and genomic improvement of the pig. ‘Anim. Agric.’ (Eds FW Bazer, GC Lamb, G Wu) pp. 249–262. (Academic Press) doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-817052-6.00014-8.

[23] Nasirahmadi A, Hensel O, Edwards SA, Sturm B (2017) A new approach for categorizing pig lying behaviour based on a Delaunay triangulation method. Animal 11:131–139. doi:10.1017/S1751731116001208

[24] de Oliveira MJK, Valk M, Melo ADB, Marçal DA, Silva CA, Valini GA da C, Arnaut PR, Gonçalves JPR, Andretta I, Hauschild L (2023) Feeding Behavior of Finishing Pigs under Diurnal Cyclic Heat Stress. Animals 13:908. doi:10.3390/ani13050908.

[25] Ottosen M, Mackenzie SG, Filipe JAN, Misiura MM, Kyriazakis I (2021) Changes in the environmental impacts of pig production systems in Great Britain over the last 18 years. Agricultural Systems 189:103063. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103063

[26] Patience JF, Umboh JF, Chaplin RK, Nyachoti CM (2005) Nutritional and physiological responses of growing pigs exposed to a diurnal pattern of heat stress. Livestock Production Science 96:205–214. doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.01.012

[27] Patra AK, Kar I (2021) Heat stress on microbiota composition, barrier integrity, and nutrient transport in gut, production performance, and its amelioration in farm animals. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 63:211–247. doi:10.5187/jast.2021.e48

[28] Raghav S, Uppal V, Gupta A (2021) Comparative Study on Distribution of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in Skin of Different Domestic Animals. Indian Journal of Animal Research. doi:10.18805/IJAR.B-4228

[29] Sodré Amaral PI, Ferreira RA, Pires AV, da Silva Fonseca L, Gonçalves SA, de Souza GH (2014) Performance, behaviour and physiological responses of finishing pigs under different lighting programs. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 2:54-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14269/2318-1265.v02n02a05

[30] Sutherland MA, Niekamp SR, Johnson RW, Van Alstine WG, Salak-Johnson JL (2007) Heat and social rank impact behavior and physiology of PRRS-virus-infected pigs. Physiology & Behavior 90:73–81. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.029

[31] Tu C-F, Chuang C, Yang T-S (2022) The application of new breeding technology based on gene editing in pig industry — A review. Animal Bioscience 35:791–803. doi:10.5713/ab.21.0390

[32] Tu S, Zeng Q, Liang Y, Liu X, Huang L, Weng S, Huang Q (2022) Automated Behavior Recognition and Tracking of Group-Housed Pigs with an Improved DeepSORT Method. Agriculture 12:1907. doi:10.3390/agriculture12111907

[33] Vitali M, Santolini E, Bovo M, Tassinari P, Torreggiani D, Trevisi P (2021) Behavior and Welfare of Undocked Heavy Pigs Raised in Buildings with Different Ventilation Systems. Animals 11:2338. doi:10.3390/ani11082338

[34] Xu J, Zhou S, Xu A, Ye J, Zhao A (2022) Automatic scoring of postures in grouped pigs using depth image and CNN-SVM. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 194: 106746. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2022.106746

Abstract

References

How to cite