Quantitative semen characteristics of Malya and Boer bucks: Candidates for artificial insemination of goats in Tanzania

William Stephen Keller; Isaac Pastory Kashoma; M.M Kichuki

doi:10.31893/avr.2024020

Keywords:

quality

parameters

harsh

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of semen produced by two breeds of bucks, namely, Malya and Boer. A total of 90 ejaculates, 45 from each of six bucks comprising two breeds, Boer and Malya, were longitudinally collected for six months via artificial vaginas. Ejaculate collections were assessed for multiple parameters to assess semen quality and reproductive potential as related to performance. The assessment is based on a comparison of average scores between Boer and Malya bucks. These assessments incorporate variables such as the volume of ejaculate, the sperm concentration, and normal morphology, viability, and acrosome integrity. Furthermore, the integrity of sperm membranes and various velocity kinematics, such as straight-line velocity, average path velocity, and curvilinear velocity, and parameters such as lateral head amplitude, beat cross frequency, straightness and linearity metrics, were included. The findings revealed breed-specific differences in semen quality, providing significant detail for reproductive management techniques. Comparatively, Malya bucks were significantly (p<0.05) superior to Boer bucks in terms of volume, viability, normalcy, and kinetics, such as curvilinear velocity, beat cross frequency, straightness, linearity and velocity average pathway, whereas Boer bucks were statistically better in terms of straight-line velocity and beat cross frequency. No significant (p>0.5) breed differences were found in concentration, progressive motility, or membrane or acrosomal integrity. Compared with Boer bucks, Malya bucks presented outstanding semen quality values and are likely well adapted to the environment, making them more ideal for artificial insemination.
References
1. Agarwal, A., Gupta, S., & Sharma, R. (2016). Eosin-Nigrosin staining procedure. In A. Agarwal, S. Gupta, & R. Sharma (Eds.), Andrological evaluation of male infertility (pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26797-5
2. Almeida, A. M., Schwalbach, L. M. J., Cardoso, L. A., & Greyling, J. P. C. (2007). Scrotal, testicular and semen characteristics of young Boer bucks fed winter veld hay: The effect of nutritional supplementation. Small Ruminant Research, 73 (1-3), 216-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.02.001
3. Arangasamy, A., Sharma, R. B., Hemalatha, K., Krishnaiah, M. V., Selvaraju, S., Pushpa Rani, G., Binsila, B. K., Soren, N. M., Reddy, I. J., Ravindra, J. P., & Bhatta, R. (2018). Relationship of organic mineral supplementation and spermatozoa/white blood cells mRNA in goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 197 , 296-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.044
4. Arredondo, A. J. G., Gómez, A. G., Vázquez-Armijo, J. F., Ledezma-Torres, R. A., Bernal-Barragán, H., & Sánchez-Dávila, F. (2015). Status and implementation of reproductive technologies in goats in emerging countries. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14 (9), 719-727.
5. Bedair, M. A., Gabr, S. A., & Ashour, A. F. (2020). Sperm characteristics of Holstein bull semen cryopreserved by using three various types of extenders. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production, 11 (12), 549-554.
6. Bopape, M. A., Lehloenya, K. C., Chokoe, T. C., & Nedambale, T. L. (2015). Comparison of electro ejaculator and artificial vagina on semen collection from South African Indigenous Goat following assessment by computer aided sperm analysis. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 5 , 210-218. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2015.52023
7. Chenyambuga, S. W., & Lekule, F. P. (2014). Breed preference and breeding practices for goats in agro-pastoral communities of semi-arid and sub-humid areas in Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26 . Recuperado de http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/6/chen26117.html
8. Chenyambuga, S. W., Komwihangilo, D. M., & Jackson, M. (2012). Production performance and desirable traits of Small East African goats in semi-arid areas of Central Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24 . Recuperado de http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/chen24118.htm
9. Das, S. M., & Sendalo, D. S. C. (1991). Small ruminant research highlights in Tanzania . Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Cooperatives, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
10. Delgadillo, J. A., & Martin, G. B. (2015). Alternative methods for control of reproduction in small ruminants: A focus on the needs of grazing industries. Animal Frontiers, 5 (1), 57-65.
11. Erasmus, J. A. (2000). Adaptation to various environments and resistance to disease of the Improved Boer goat. Small Ruminant Research, 36 (2), 179-187.
12. Ford, K., & Chamratrithirong, A. (2009). First sexual experience and current sexual behaviour among older Thai men and women. Sexual Health, 6 (3), 195-202.
13. France, K., Monau, P. I., Moreri, U., & Waugh, E. (2024). Assessment of sperm quality of communal goats in the hard-veld region of Botswana. South African Journal of Animal Science, 54 (2), 147-156.
14. Gacitua, H., & Arav, A. (2005). Successful pregnancies with directional freezing of large volume buck semen. Theriogenology, 63 , 931-938.
15. Garner, D. L., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Spermatozoa and seminal plasma. In B. Hafez & E. S. E. Hafez (Eds.), Reproduction in farm animals (pp. 96-109). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Press.
16. Gemeda, A. E., & Workalemahu, K. (2017). Body weight and scrotal-testicular biometry in three indigenous breeds of bucks in arid and semiarid agroecologies, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2017 (2), 28540363. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5276106
17. Gore, D. L. M., Muasya, T. K., Okeno, T. O., & Mburu, J. N. (2020). Comparative reproductive performance of Saanen and Toggenburg bucks raised under tropical environment. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52 , 2653–2658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02297-4
18. Gororo, E., Zulu, P. T., Chatiza, F. P., & Mhuka, C. (2019). Effects of different extenders and storage temperatures on longevity of Small East African goat (Capra hircus ) semen. Small Ruminant Research, 175 , 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.04.013
19. Goyal, H. O., & Memon, M. A. (2007). Clinical reproductive anatomy and physiology of the buck. In R. S. Youngquist & W. R. Threlfall (Eds.), Current therapy in large animal theriogenology (pp. 511–514). Sounder Elsevier.
20. Graham, J. K., & Mocé, E. (2005). Fertility evaluation of frozen/thawed semen. Theriogenology, 64 (3), 492-504.
21. Hahn, K., Failing, K., & Wehrend, A. (2019). Effect of temperature and time after collection on buck sperm quality. BMC Veterinary Research, 15 (1), 355.
22. Haro, M., Zongo, M., Soudre, A., Pitala, W., & Sanou, D. S. (2019). Caractéristiques du sperme du bouc sahélien au Burkina Faso. Tropicultura, 37 (2), 2295-8010. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.9.1900.1906
23. Hyera, E., Mlimbe, M. E., Sanka, J. D., Minja, M. G., Rugaimukamu, A. P., Latonga, P. M., Mbembela, E. G., Nguluma, A. S., Nziku, Z. C., Mashingo, M. S. H., & Shirima, E. J. M. (2018). On-station growth performance evaluation of Small East African and dual-purpose goat breeds in Northern Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development . Recuperado de http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/9/ehyer30159.html
24. Kastelic, J. P., Cook, R. B., Pierson, R. A., & Coulter, G. H. (2001). Relationships among scrotal and testicular characteristics, sperm production, and seminal quality in 129 beef bulls. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 65 (2), 111.
25. Kathiravan, P., Kalatharan, J., Karthikeya, G., Rengarajan, K., & Kadirvel, G. (2011). Objective sperm motion analysis to assess dairy bull fertility using computer‐aided system–a review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 46 (1), 165-172.
26. Kifaro, G. C., Eik, L. O., Mtenga, L. A., Mushi, D., Safari, E. J., Kassuku, A. A., Kimbita, E. N., Maeda-Machang'u, A. D., Kanuya, N. L., Muhikambele, V. R. M., Ndemanisho, E., & Ulvund, M. J. (2008). The potential use of artificial insemination in sustainable breeding of dairy goats in developing countries: A case study of Norwegian Dairy Goats in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Science, 8 (1), 19-24.
27. Kondracki, S., Iwanina, M., Wysokińska, A., & Górski, K. (2013). The use of sexual activity measurements to assess ejaculatory performance of boars. Archives Animal Breeding, 56 (1), 1052-1059.
28. Malan, S. W. (2000). The improved boar goat. Small Ruminant Research, 36 , 165-170.
29. Mathapo, M. C., & Tyasi, T. L. (2022). Relationship between testicular traits, body measurements and body weight in Boer goat bucks. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 54 (6), 2957-2960.
30. Memon, A. A., Wahid, H., Rosnina, Y., Goh, Y. M., & Ebrahimi, M. (2013). Effect of buffers and egg yolk concentrations on chilled and frozen-thawed Boer goat spermatozoa. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 3 , 374-379.
31. Mickelsen, W. D., Paisley, L. G., & Dahmen, J. J. (1982). The relationship of libido and serving capacity test scores in rams on conception rates and lambing percentage in the ewe. Theriogenology, 18 (1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(82)90051-6
32. Monau, P. I., Nsoso, S. J., Visser, C., & Van Marle-Köster, E. (2018). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous Tswana goats. South African Journal of Animal Science, 48 (5), 925-934.
33. Naing, S. W., Wahid, H., Azam, K. M., Rosnina, Y., Zuki, A. B., Kazhal, S., Bukar, M. M., Thein, M., Kyaw, T., & San, M. M. (2010). Effect of sugars on characteristics of Boer goat semen after cryopreservation. Animal Reproduction Science, 122 (1–2), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.06.006
34. Nisfimawardah, L., Firmawati, A., Ihsan, M. N., Susilawati, T., & Wahjuningsih, S. (2023). Semen cryopreservation quality and sperm kinematics of Saanen bucks using different diluents. World Veterinary Journal, 13 (2), 300-309.
35. Robayo, I., Montenegro, V., Valdés, C., & Cox, J. F. (2008). CASA assessment of kinematic parameters of ram spermatozoa and their relationship to migration efficiency in ruminant cervical mucus. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43 (4), 393-399.
36. Sacko, I., Dao, M., Sanogo, S., Orounladji, B. M., Diakité, K., Traore, D., Coulibaly, M. D., & Cisse, A. B. (2022). Semen characteristics of crossbred bucks Anglo-Nubian × Sahelian goats in Mali. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 10 (9), 1900-1906.
37. Sadeghi, S., Del Gallego, R., García-Colomer, B., Gómez, E. A., Yániz, J. L., Gosálvez, J., & Silvestre, M. A. (2020). Effect of sperm concentration and storage temperature on goat spermatozoa during liquid storage. Biology, 9 (9), 300.
38. Salmani, H., Towhidi, A., Zhandi, M., Bahreini, M., & Sharafi, M. (2014). In vitro assessment of soybean lecithin and egg yolk-based diluents for cryopreservation of goat semen. Cryobiology, 68 (2), 276-280.
39. Singh, A. K., Kumar, A., & Bisla, A. (2021). Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) in veterinary science: A review. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 91 (6), 419–429.
40. Sultana, F., Husain, S., Khatun, A., Apu, A., & Khandoker, M. (2013). Study on buck evaluation based on semen quality and fertility. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 42 (2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v42i2.18487
41. Sundararaman, M. N., & Edwin, M. J. (2008). Changes in motility characteristics of goat spermatozoa during glycerol-equilibration and the relevance to cryopreservation. Asian Journal of Cell Biology, 3 (1), 22-33.
42. Swarna, M., Saha, N. G., Biswas, S., & Paul, A. K. (2022). Collection and evaluation of indigenous buck semen at the coastal region of Bangladesh. Insights in Veterinary Science, 6 , 001-004. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001034
43. Talebi, J., Souri, M., Moghaddam, A., Karimi, I., & Mirmahmoodi, M. (2009). Characteristics and seasonal variation in the semen of Markhoz bucks in western Iran. Small Ruminant Research, 85 (1), 18-22.
44. Tambing, S. N., Sutama, I. K., & Arifiantini, R. I. (2003). Effectivity of various concentration of lactose in Tris extender on liquid semen viability of Saanen bucks. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 8 (2), 84-90.
45. United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2021). Livestock Sector Transformation Plan (LSTP) 2022/23 - 2026/27 . Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Recuperado de https://www.mifugouvuvi.go.tz/uploads/publications/sw1675840376
46. Verstegen, J., Iguer-Ouada, M., & Onclin, K. (2002). Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary practice. Theriogenology, 57 (1), 149-179.
47. Zapata, C., Salinas, J., Moran-Martínez, J., de Santiago, A., Veliz, F. G., García, J. E., & Mellado, M. (2021). Growth rate, scrotal circumference, sperm characteristics, and sexual behavior of mixed-breed goat bucks fed three leguminous trees. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 19 (4), e0611-e0611.
48. Zubair, M., Ahmad, M., & Jamil, H. (2015). Review on the screening of semen by hypo-osmotic swelling test. Andrologia, 47 (7), 744-750.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Keller, W. S., Kashoma, I. P., & Kichuki, M. (2025). Quantitative semen characteristics of Malya and Boer bucks: Candidates for artificial insemination of goats in Tanzania. Applied Veterinary Research, 3(4), 2024020. https://doi.org/10.31893/avr.2024020

[1] Agarwal, A., Gupta, S., & Sharma, R. (2016). Eosin-Nigrosin staining procedure. In A. Agarwal, S. Gupta, & R. Sharma (Eds.), Andrological evaluation of male infertility (pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26797-5

[2] Almeida, A. M., Schwalbach, L. M. J., Cardoso, L. A., & Greyling, J. P. C. (2007). Scrotal, testicular and semen characteristics of young Boer bucks fed winter veld hay: The effect of nutritional supplementation. Small Ruminant Research, 73 (1-3), 216-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.02.001

[3] Arangasamy, A., Sharma, R. B., Hemalatha, K., Krishnaiah, M. V., Selvaraju, S., Pushpa Rani, G., Binsila, B. K., Soren, N. M., Reddy, I. J., Ravindra, J. P., & Bhatta, R. (2018). Relationship of organic mineral supplementation and spermatozoa/white blood cells mRNA in goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 197 , 296-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.044

[4] Arredondo, A. J. G., Gómez, A. G., Vázquez-Armijo, J. F., Ledezma-Torres, R. A., Bernal-Barragán, H., & Sánchez-Dávila, F. (2015). Status and implementation of reproductive technologies in goats in emerging countries. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14 (9), 719-727.

[5] Bedair, M. A., Gabr, S. A., & Ashour, A. F. (2020). Sperm characteristics of Holstein bull semen cryopreserved by using three various types of extenders. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production, 11 (12), 549-554.

[6] Bopape, M. A., Lehloenya, K. C., Chokoe, T. C., & Nedambale, T. L. (2015). Comparison of electro ejaculator and artificial vagina on semen collection from South African Indigenous Goat following assessment by computer aided sperm analysis. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 5 , 210-218. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2015.52023

[7] Chenyambuga, S. W., & Lekule, F. P. (2014). Breed preference and breeding practices for goats in agro-pastoral communities of semi-arid and sub-humid areas in Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26 . Recuperado de http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/6/chen26117.html

[8] Chenyambuga, S. W., Komwihangilo, D. M., & Jackson, M. (2012). Production performance and desirable traits of Small East African goats in semi-arid areas of Central Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24 . Recuperado de http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/7/chen24118.htm

[9] Das, S. M., & Sendalo, D. S. C. (1991). Small ruminant research highlights in Tanzania . Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Cooperatives, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

[10] Delgadillo, J. A., & Martin, G. B. (2015). Alternative methods for control of reproduction in small ruminants: A focus on the needs of grazing industries. Animal Frontiers, 5 (1), 57-65.

[11] Erasmus, J. A. (2000). Adaptation to various environments and resistance to disease of the Improved Boer goat. Small Ruminant Research, 36 (2), 179-187.

[12] Ford, K., & Chamratrithirong, A. (2009). First sexual experience and current sexual behaviour among older Thai men and women. Sexual Health, 6 (3), 195-202.

[13] France, K., Monau, P. I., Moreri, U., & Waugh, E. (2024). Assessment of sperm quality of communal goats in the hard-veld region of Botswana. South African Journal of Animal Science, 54 (2), 147-156.

[14] Gacitua, H., & Arav, A. (2005). Successful pregnancies with directional freezing of large volume buck semen. Theriogenology, 63 , 931-938.

[15] Garner, D. L., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Spermatozoa and seminal plasma. In B. Hafez & E. S. E. Hafez (Eds.), Reproduction in farm animals (pp. 96-109). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Press.

[16] Gemeda, A. E., & Workalemahu, K. (2017). Body weight and scrotal-testicular biometry in three indigenous breeds of bucks in arid and semiarid agroecologies, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2017 (2), 28540363. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5276106

[17] Gore, D. L. M., Muasya, T. K., Okeno, T. O., & Mburu, J. N. (2020). Comparative reproductive performance of Saanen and Toggenburg bucks raised under tropical environment. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52 , 2653–2658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02297-4

[18] Gororo, E., Zulu, P. T., Chatiza, F. P., & Mhuka, C. (2019). Effects of different extenders and storage temperatures on longevity of Small East African goat (Capra hircus ) semen. Small Ruminant Research, 175 , 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.04.013

[19] Goyal, H. O., & Memon, M. A. (2007). Clinical reproductive anatomy and physiology of the buck. In R. S. Youngquist & W. R. Threlfall (Eds.), Current therapy in large animal theriogenology (pp. 511–514). Sounder Elsevier.

[20] Graham, J. K., & Mocé, E. (2005). Fertility evaluation of frozen/thawed semen. Theriogenology, 64 (3), 492-504.

[21] Hahn, K., Failing, K., & Wehrend, A. (2019). Effect of temperature and time after collection on buck sperm quality. BMC Veterinary Research, 15 (1), 355.

[22] Haro, M., Zongo, M., Soudre, A., Pitala, W., & Sanou, D. S. (2019). Caractéristiques du sperme du bouc sahélien au Burkina Faso. Tropicultura, 37 (2), 2295-8010. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.9.1900.1906

[23] Hyera, E., Mlimbe, M. E., Sanka, J. D., Minja, M. G., Rugaimukamu, A. P., Latonga, P. M., Mbembela, E. G., Nguluma, A. S., Nziku, Z. C., Mashingo, M. S. H., & Shirima, E. J. M. (2018). On-station growth performance evaluation of Small East African and dual-purpose goat breeds in Northern Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development . Recuperado de http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/9/ehyer30159.html

[24] Kastelic, J. P., Cook, R. B., Pierson, R. A., & Coulter, G. H. (2001). Relationships among scrotal and testicular characteristics, sperm production, and seminal quality in 129 beef bulls. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 65 (2), 111.

[25] Kathiravan, P., Kalatharan, J., Karthikeya, G., Rengarajan, K., & Kadirvel, G. (2011). Objective sperm motion analysis to assess dairy bull fertility using computer‐aided system–a review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 46 (1), 165-172.

[26] Kifaro, G. C., Eik, L. O., Mtenga, L. A., Mushi, D., Safari, E. J., Kassuku, A. A., Kimbita, E. N., Maeda-Machang'u, A. D., Kanuya, N. L., Muhikambele, V. R. M., Ndemanisho, E., & Ulvund, M. J. (2008). The potential use of artificial insemination in sustainable breeding of dairy goats in developing countries: A case study of Norwegian Dairy Goats in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Science, 8 (1), 19-24.

[27] Kondracki, S., Iwanina, M., Wysokińska, A., & Górski, K. (2013). The use of sexual activity measurements to assess ejaculatory performance of boars. Archives Animal Breeding, 56 (1), 1052-1059.

[28] Malan, S. W. (2000). The improved boar goat. Small Ruminant Research, 36 , 165-170.

[29] Mathapo, M. C., & Tyasi, T. L. (2022). Relationship between testicular traits, body measurements and body weight in Boer goat bucks. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 54 (6), 2957-2960.

[30] Memon, A. A., Wahid, H., Rosnina, Y., Goh, Y. M., & Ebrahimi, M. (2013). Effect of buffers and egg yolk concentrations on chilled and frozen-thawed Boer goat spermatozoa. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 3 , 374-379.

[31] Mickelsen, W. D., Paisley, L. G., & Dahmen, J. J. (1982). The relationship of libido and serving capacity test scores in rams on conception rates and lambing percentage in the ewe. Theriogenology, 18 (1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(82)90051-6

[32] Monau, P. I., Nsoso, S. J., Visser, C., & Van Marle-Köster, E. (2018). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous Tswana goats. South African Journal of Animal Science, 48 (5), 925-934.

[33] Naing, S. W., Wahid, H., Azam, K. M., Rosnina, Y., Zuki, A. B., Kazhal, S., Bukar, M. M., Thein, M., Kyaw, T., & San, M. M. (2010). Effect of sugars on characteristics of Boer goat semen after cryopreservation. Animal Reproduction Science, 122 (1–2), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.06.006

[34] Nisfimawardah, L., Firmawati, A., Ihsan, M. N., Susilawati, T., & Wahjuningsih, S. (2023). Semen cryopreservation quality and sperm kinematics of Saanen bucks using different diluents. World Veterinary Journal, 13 (2), 300-309.

[35] Robayo, I., Montenegro, V., Valdés, C., & Cox, J. F. (2008). CASA assessment of kinematic parameters of ram spermatozoa and their relationship to migration efficiency in ruminant cervical mucus. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43 (4), 393-399.

[36] Sacko, I., Dao, M., Sanogo, S., Orounladji, B. M., Diakité, K., Traore, D., Coulibaly, M. D., & Cisse, A. B. (2022). Semen characteristics of crossbred bucks Anglo-Nubian × Sahelian goats in Mali. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 10 (9), 1900-1906.

[37] Sadeghi, S., Del Gallego, R., García-Colomer, B., Gómez, E. A., Yániz, J. L., Gosálvez, J., & Silvestre, M. A. (2020). Effect of sperm concentration and storage temperature on goat spermatozoa during liquid storage. Biology, 9 (9), 300.

[38] Salmani, H., Towhidi, A., Zhandi, M., Bahreini, M., & Sharafi, M. (2014). In vitro assessment of soybean lecithin and egg yolk-based diluents for cryopreservation of goat semen. Cryobiology, 68 (2), 276-280.

[39] Singh, A. K., Kumar, A., & Bisla, A. (2021). Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) in veterinary science: A review. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 91 (6), 419–429.

[40] Sultana, F., Husain, S., Khatun, A., Apu, A., & Khandoker, M. (2013). Study on buck evaluation based on semen quality and fertility. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 42 (2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v42i2.18487

[41] Sundararaman, M. N., & Edwin, M. J. (2008). Changes in motility characteristics of goat spermatozoa during glycerol-equilibration and the relevance to cryopreservation. Asian Journal of Cell Biology, 3 (1), 22-33.

[42] Swarna, M., Saha, N. G., Biswas, S., & Paul, A. K. (2022). Collection and evaluation of indigenous buck semen at the coastal region of Bangladesh. Insights in Veterinary Science, 6 , 001-004. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001034

[43] Talebi, J., Souri, M., Moghaddam, A., Karimi, I., & Mirmahmoodi, M. (2009). Characteristics and seasonal variation in the semen of Markhoz bucks in western Iran. Small Ruminant Research, 85 (1), 18-22.

[44] Tambing, S. N., Sutama, I. K., & Arifiantini, R. I. (2003). Effectivity of various concentration of lactose in Tris extender on liquid semen viability of Saanen bucks. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 8 (2), 84-90.

[45] United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2021). Livestock Sector Transformation Plan (LSTP) 2022/23 - 2026/27 . Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Recuperado de https://www.mifugouvuvi.go.tz/uploads/publications/sw1675840376

[46] Verstegen, J., Iguer-Ouada, M., & Onclin, K. (2002). Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary practice. Theriogenology, 57 (1), 149-179.

[47] Zapata, C., Salinas, J., Moran-Martínez, J., de Santiago, A., Veliz, F. G., García, J. E., & Mellado, M. (2021). Growth rate, scrotal circumference, sperm characteristics, and sexual behavior of mixed-breed goat bucks fed three leguminous trees. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 19 (4), e0611-e0611.

[48] Zubair, M., Ahmad, M., & Jamil, H. (2015). Review on the screening of semen by hypo-osmotic swelling test. Andrologia, 47 (7), 744-750.

Abstract

References

How to cite