Genetic variability in GH and IGFBP-3 genes and their association with growth performance in Egyptian sheep

Ahmed Abdelkader Saleh; Mohammed Hassan Hammoud; Nasraa Ali Dabour; Elsayed Elsayed E Hafez; Mahmoud Abdelalim Sharaby

doi:10.31893/avr.2022012

Keywords:

Abstract

The polymorphisms in Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and Growth Hormone (GH) have an effect on mammalian growth control, development and reproduction activity. This investigation aimed to study the polymorphism in IGFBP-3 and GH genes, and detect their association with body weights and growth performance of several sheep breeds (Ovis aries) namely; Rahmani, Barki, Rahmani x Barki cross, Awassi/Awassi x Suffolk cross and Ossimi. Digestion of 654 bp for IGFBP-3/HaeIII yielded only one restriction pattern of 8 fragments in all studied breeds revealing the absence of polymorphism and this agrees with gene sequencing. While, sequencing analysis of the ampliﬁed fragment of GH gene revealed polymorphism in nucleotide sequencing. 4 SNPs out of 11 (C1776G, T1772A, G1769C and C1765A) in Rahmani, while 1 SNPs out of 2 (A1544G) in Barki, whilst 3 SNPs out of 4 (A1678G, A1558G and A1544G) in Rahmani x Barki cross, whereas 2 SNPs out of 4 (C1765A and G1550A) in Awassi /Awassi x Suffolk cross and 3 SNPs out of 8 (T1772A, G1769C and G1756C) in Ossimi were very important. The amino acid sequence for GH gene of Rahmani was different from those of other breeds in 4 amino acids, while, each of Rahmani x Barki cross and Ossimi amino acid sequences were different in 3 amino acids. The current results suggest that body weights and growth performance of tested sheep breeds at different stages of growth are statistically affected by GH gene which could be considered as a candidate gene for growth in breeding programs.
References
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2. An X, Wang L, Hou J, Li G, Song Y, Wang J, Cao B (2011) Novel polymorphisms of goat growth hormone and growth hormone receptor genes and their effects on growth traits. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38:4037-4043.
3. Baldi A (1999) Manipulation of milk production and quality by use of somatotropin in dairy ruminants other than cow. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:131-137.
4. Bathaei SS, Leroy PL (1998) Genetic and phenotypic aspects of the growth curve characteristics in Mehraban Iranian fat-tailed sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 29:261-269.
5. Bauman DE (1999) Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:101-116.
6. Besnard N, Pisselet C, Monniaux D, Locatelli A, Benne F, Gasser F, Monget P (1996) Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-2,-4, and-5 in the ovine ovary: localization and changes during growth and atresia of antral follicles. Biol. Reprod. 55:1356-1367.
7. BK C, Scaramuzzi R, Webb R (1995) Control of antral follicle development and selection in sheep and cattle. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 49:335-350.
8. Boyd RD, Bauman DE, 1989. Mechanisms of action for somatotropin in growth. Anim. grow. regul. pp. 257-293 Springer.
9. Breier B (1999) Regulation of protein and energy metabolism by the somatotropic axis. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:209-218.
10. Choudhary V (2004) Molecular studies on leptin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) genes in cattle. J. Buffalo Sci. 2:183.
11. Currie M, Bassett N, Breier B, Klempt M, Min S, Mackenzie D, Gluckman P (1996) Differential effects of maternal ovine placental lactogen and growth hormone (GH) administration on GH receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 gene expression in the pregnant and fetal sheep. Grow. Regul. 6:123-129.
12. Deb R, Mukhopadhyay CS, Sengar GS, da Cruz AS, Silva DC, Pinto IP, da Cruz AD (2020) Genetic markers for improving farm animals; Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries. Elsevier. pp. 107-129.
13. Ghoneimy MK, El-Razik A, Khaled A, Sosa A (2020) PCR-SSCP and Sequencing Analysis For Studying Leptin Gene Polymorphism and Its Association with Reproductive Status of Egyptian Buffalo. Egy. J. Vet. Sci. 51:11-21.
14. Gluckman P, Mueller P, Kaplan S, Rudolph A, Grumbach M (1979) Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. I. Circulating growth hormone in mid and late gestation. Endocrinol.J. 104:162-168.
15. Gorlov IF, Kolosov YA, Shirokova NV, Getmantseva LV, Slozhenkina MI, Mosolova NI, Zlobina EY (2017) Association of the growth hormone gene polymorphism with growth traits in Salsk sheep breed. Small Rumin. Res. 150:11-14.
16. Guimarães EP (2007) Marker-assisted selection: current status and future perspectives in crops, livestock, forestry and fish: Food & Agri. Org.
17. Hanrahan JP, Gregan SM, Mulsant P, Mullen M, Davis GH, Powell R, Galloway SM (2004) Mutations in the genes for oocyte-derived growth factors GDF9 and BMP15 are associated with both increased ovulation rate and sterility in Cambridge and Belclare sheep (Ovis aries). Biol. Reprodu. 70:900-909.
18. Herd R, Archer J, Arthur P (2003) Reducing the cost of beef production through genetic improvement in residual feed intake: Opportunity and challenges to application. J. Anim. Sci. 81:E9-E17.
19. Hua G, Chen S, Yu J, Cai K, Wu C, Li Q, Geng L (2009) Polymorphism of the growth hormone gene and its association with growth traits in Boer goat bucks. Meat Sci. 81:391-395.
20. Juengel JL (2018) How the quest to improve sheep reproduction provided insight into oocyte control of follicular development. J. R. Soc. N. Z. 48:143-163.
21. Khalid M, Haresign W (1996) Relationships between concentrations of ovarian steroids, insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF-binding proteins during follicular development in the ewe. Anim. Reprodu. Sci. 41:119-129.
22. Kumar P, Choudhary V, Kumar KG, Bhattacharya T, Bhushan B, Sharma A, Mishra A (2006) Nucleotide sequencing and DNA polymorphism studies on IGFBP-3 gene in sheep and its comparison with cattle and buffalo. Small Rumin. Res. 64:285-292.
23. Kumar P, Padma B, Dhara S, Kumar K, Bhattacharya T, Bhushan B, Sharma A (2002) PCR-RFLP studies on insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene in sheep. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France.
24. Kumari R, Kumar R, Meena A, Jyotsana B, Prince L, Kumar S (2014) Genetic polymorphism of growth hormone gene in native sheep breeds of India. Indian J. Small Rumin. 20:15-18.
25. Lan X, Pan C, Chen H, Lei C, Liu S, Zhang Y, Zhao M (2007a) The HaeIII and XspI PCR-RFLPs detecting polymorphisms at the goat IGFBP-3 locus. Small Rumin. Res. 73:283-286.
26. Lan X, Pan C, Chen H, Zhao M, Li J, Yu J, Yang X (2007b) The novel SNPs of the IGFBP-3 gene and their associations with litter size and weight traits in goat (Brief report). Arch. Anim. Breed. 50:223-224.
27. Lewis RM (2018) Sheep: Breeding and Genetics Encyclopedia of Animal Science (pp. 974-977): CRC Press.
28. Li MY, Li L, Min LJ, Wang JM (2008) Genetic analysis of IGFBP-3 gene and its association with economic traits in goats. Chin. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 12:003.
29. Liu H, Liu C, Yang G, Li H, Dai J, Cong Y, Li X (2012) DNA polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 gene and its association with cashmere traits in cashmere goats. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 25:1515.
30. Maciulla J, Zhang H, DeNise S (1997) A novel polymorphism in the bovine insulin-like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP-3) gene. Anim. genet. 28:375-375.
31. Mahrous KF, Abdel-Aziem SH, Abdel-Hafez MA, Abdel-Mordy M, Rushdi HE (2018) Polymorphism of growth hormone gene in three goat breeds in Egypt. Doc. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent. 42:35.
32. Malewa A, Hakim L, Maylinda S, Husai M (2014) Growth hormone gene polymorphisms of Indonesia fat tailed sheep using PCR-RFLP and their relationship with growth traits. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 26:115.
33. Marai IFM, Daader AH, Bahgat LB (2009) Performance traits of purebred Ossimi and Rahmani lambs and their crosses with Finnsheep born under two accelerated mating systems. Arch. Anim. Breed. 52:497-511.
34. Mazerbourg S, Monget P (2018) Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and IGFBP proteases: a dynamic system regulating the ovarian folliculogenesis. Front. Endocrinol. 9:134.
35. Newman S (1994). Quantitative-and molecular-genetic effects on animal well-being: adaptive mechanisms. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1641-1653.
36. Okoro V, Ezeokeke C, Ogundu U, Chukwudum C (2010) Phenotypic correlation of bodyweight and linear body measurement in Chinchilla rabbits (Orycotolagus cuniculus). J. Agric. Biotech. Sustain. Dev. 2:27-29.
37. Pereira AP, Alencar MMD, Oliveira HND, Regitano LCDA (2005) Association of GH and IGF-1 polymorphisms with growth traits in a synthetic beef cattle breed. Genet. Mol. Biol. 28:230-236.
38. Rachid EB, Boussad B, Farid M, Nassima BBA, Amel D, Fodil A, Faissal G (2019) Reproduction and Growth Performance of the Algerian Tazegzawt Sheep Breed. GABJ. 3:50-62.
39. Rasouli S, Abdolmohammadi A, Zebarjadi A, Mostafaei A (2017) Evaluation of polymorphism in IGF-I and IGFB-3 genes and their relationship tith twinning rate and growth traits in markhoz goats. Ann. Anim. Sci. 17:89-103.
40. Saleh AA (2016) Utilization of Molecular Markers to Detect some Genes and Mutations Affecting Economic Traits in Egyptian Sheep Breeds. Master’s thesis. Alex. Univ. Egypt. 10.6084/m9.figshare.13026575. DOI:10.6084/m9.figshare.13026575.
41. Saleh AA, Hammoud MH, Dabour NA, Hafez EE, Sharaby MA (2017). IGFBP-3 gene diversity among Egyptian sheep breeds. Alex. J. Agric. Sci., 6:87-92.
42. Saleh AA, Hammoud MH, Dabour NA, Hafez EE, Sharaby MA (2020a) BMPR-1B, BMP-15 and GDF-9 genes structure and their relationship with litter size in six sheep breeds reared in Egypt. BMC Res. Notes. 13:215.
43. Saleh AA, Hassanine NN (2019a) Egyptian Sheep Breeds and genetic tools to improve: LAP Publishing.
44. Saleh AA, Rashad AM, Hassanine NN, Sharaby MA, Zhao Y (2019b) Comparative analysis of IGFBP-3 gene sequence in Egyptian sheep, cattle, and buffalo. BMC Res. Notes. 12:623.
45. Saleh AA, Rashad AM, Hassanine NN, Sharaby MA, Zhao Y (2020b) Traditional Versus Modern Methods For Fertility Evaluation: LAP Publishing.
46. Saleh AA, Rashad AM, Hassanine NN, Sharaby MA, Zhao Y (2021) Evaluation of morphological traits and physiological variables of several chinese goat breeds and their crosses. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 53:1-15.
47. Saleh AA, Rashad AM Sharaby MA (2019c) Study of IGFBP-3 gene in Egyptian Farm Animals. LAP Publishing.
48. Sambrook J, Fritsch E, Maniatis (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
49. Sankhyan V, Thakur Y, Dogra P (2019) Genetic polymorphism in IGF-1 gene in four sheep and goat breeds and its association with biometrical traits in migratory Gaddi goat breed of western Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J. Anim. Res. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3795.
50. Sarmah R, Laskar S, Nahardeka N, Borah P, Das B, Borkalita L (2019) Polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-i gene and their association with weight at different age in Assam hill goats. J. Entomol. 7:759-762.
51. Shafey H, Mahrous K, Hassanane M, Mordy MA, Rushdi H (2014) Genetic polymorphism of myostatin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 genes in Egyptian sheep breeds. Glob. Vet. 13:419-424.
52. Sharma A, Dutt G, Jayakumar S, Saroha V, Dixit S (2014) Sequence characterization and genetic variability analysis of GHR, IGF1 and IGFBP-3 genes in nine Indian goat breeds. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 42:361-365.
53. Spangenberg L, Battke F, Graña M, Nieselt K, Naya H (2011) Identifying associations between amino acid changes and meta information in alignments. Bioinformatics. 27:2782-2789.
54. Splaine CA, Hoffman ML, Jones AK, Pillai S, Zinn SA, Govoni KE, Reed SA (2019) PSI-19 Poor maternal nutrition during gestation alters placental IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 97:255-255.
55. Tester M, Langridge P (2010) Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science. 327:818-822.
56. Veldhuis JD, Anderson SM, Shah N, Bray M, Vick T, Gentili A, Evans WS (2001) Neurophysiological regulation andtarget-tissue impact of the pulsatile mode of growth hormone secretion in the human. Growth Hormone & IGF Research 11:S25-S37.
57. Wall A, Juengel J, Edwards S, Rendel J (2018) The economic value of replacement breeding ewes attaining puberty within their first year of life on New Zealand sheep farms. Agric. Syst. 164:38-46.
58. Wickramaratne S, Ulmak B, Dixit S, Kumar S, Vyas M (2009) Use of growth hormone gene plymorphism in selecting osmanabadi and sangamneri goats. Trop. Agri. Res. 21:398–411.
59. Yousefi S, Azari MA (2012) Genetic effect of growth hormone gene on yearling weight and wool traits in Zel sheep (Brief Report). Arch. Anim. Breed. 55:303-306.
60. Yousefi S, Shahmohammadi L, Azari MA, Zerehdaran S, Dehnavi E (2013) Survey of FecXL Locus of BMP15 Gene and Growth Hormone (GH) Gene and Their Effects on Lambing Rate in Zel Sheep. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Scie. 3:351-355.
61. Zhang C, Liu Y, Huang K, Zeng W, Xu D, Wen Q, Yang L (2011) The association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in growth hormone (GH) gene with litter size and superovulation response in goat-breeds. Genet. Mol. Biol. 34:49-55.

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How to cite

Saleh, A. A., Hammoud, M. H., Dabour, N. A., Hafez, E. E. E., & Sharaby, M. A. (2022). Genetic variability in GH and IGFBP-3 genes and their association with growth performance in Egyptian sheep. Applied Veterinary Research, 1(3), 2022012. https://doi.org/10.31893/avr.2022012

[1] Ali B, El-Hanafy A, Salem H (2009) Genetic biodiversity studies on IGFBP-3 gene in Egyptian sheep breeds. Biotech. Anim. Husband. 25:101-109.

[2] An X, Wang L, Hou J, Li G, Song Y, Wang J, Cao B (2011) Novel polymorphisms of goat growth hormone and growth hormone receptor genes and their effects on growth traits. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38:4037-4043.

[3] Baldi A (1999) Manipulation of milk production and quality by use of somatotropin in dairy ruminants other than cow. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:131-137.

[4] Bathaei SS, Leroy PL (1998) Genetic and phenotypic aspects of the growth curve characteristics in Mehraban Iranian fat-tailed sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 29:261-269.

[5] Bauman DE (1999) Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:101-116.

[6] Besnard N, Pisselet C, Monniaux D, Locatelli A, Benne F, Gasser F, Monget P (1996) Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-2,-4, and-5 in the ovine ovary: localization and changes during growth and atresia of antral follicles. Biol. Reprod. 55:1356-1367.

[7] BK C, Scaramuzzi R, Webb R (1995) Control of antral follicle development and selection in sheep and cattle. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 49:335-350.

[8] Boyd RD, Bauman DE, 1989. Mechanisms of action for somatotropin in growth. Anim. grow. regul. pp. 257-293 Springer.

[9] Breier B (1999) Regulation of protein and energy metabolism by the somatotropic axis. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:209-218.

[10] Choudhary V (2004) Molecular studies on leptin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) genes in cattle. J. Buffalo Sci. 2:183.

[11] Currie M, Bassett N, Breier B, Klempt M, Min S, Mackenzie D, Gluckman P (1996) Differential effects of maternal ovine placental lactogen and growth hormone (GH) administration on GH receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 gene expression in the pregnant and fetal sheep. Grow. Regul. 6:123-129.

[12] Deb R, Mukhopadhyay CS, Sengar GS, da Cruz AS, Silva DC, Pinto IP, da Cruz AD (2020) Genetic markers for improving farm animals; Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries. Elsevier. pp. 107-129.

[13] Ghoneimy MK, El-Razik A, Khaled A, Sosa A (2020) PCR-SSCP and Sequencing Analysis For Studying Leptin Gene Polymorphism and Its Association with Reproductive Status of Egyptian Buffalo. Egy. J. Vet. Sci. 51:11-21.

[14] Gluckman P, Mueller P, Kaplan S, Rudolph A, Grumbach M (1979) Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. I. Circulating growth hormone in mid and late gestation. Endocrinol.J. 104:162-168.

[15] Gorlov IF, Kolosov YA, Shirokova NV, Getmantseva LV, Slozhenkina MI, Mosolova NI, Zlobina EY (2017) Association of the growth hormone gene polymorphism with growth traits in Salsk sheep breed. Small Rumin. Res. 150:11-14.

[16] Guimarães EP (2007) Marker-assisted selection: current status and future perspectives in crops, livestock, forestry and fish: Food & Agri. Org.

[17] Hanrahan JP, Gregan SM, Mulsant P, Mullen M, Davis GH, Powell R, Galloway SM (2004) Mutations in the genes for oocyte-derived growth factors GDF9 and BMP15 are associated with both increased ovulation rate and sterility in Cambridge and Belclare sheep (Ovis aries). Biol. Reprodu. 70:900-909.

[18] Herd R, Archer J, Arthur P (2003) Reducing the cost of beef production through genetic improvement in residual feed intake: Opportunity and challenges to application. J. Anim. Sci. 81:E9-E17.

[19] Hua G, Chen S, Yu J, Cai K, Wu C, Li Q, Geng L (2009) Polymorphism of the growth hormone gene and its association with growth traits in Boer goat bucks. Meat Sci. 81:391-395.

[20] Juengel JL (2018) How the quest to improve sheep reproduction provided insight into oocyte control of follicular development. J. R. Soc. N. Z. 48:143-163.

[21] Khalid M, Haresign W (1996) Relationships between concentrations of ovarian steroids, insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF-binding proteins during follicular development in the ewe. Anim. Reprodu. Sci. 41:119-129.

[22] Kumar P, Choudhary V, Kumar KG, Bhattacharya T, Bhushan B, Sharma A, Mishra A (2006) Nucleotide sequencing and DNA polymorphism studies on IGFBP-3 gene in sheep and its comparison with cattle and buffalo. Small Rumin. Res. 64:285-292.

[23] Kumar P, Padma B, Dhara S, Kumar K, Bhattacharya T, Bhushan B, Sharma A (2002) PCR-RFLP studies on insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene in sheep. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France.

[24] Kumari R, Kumar R, Meena A, Jyotsana B, Prince L, Kumar S (2014) Genetic polymorphism of growth hormone gene in native sheep breeds of India. Indian J. Small Rumin. 20:15-18.

[25] Lan X, Pan C, Chen H, Lei C, Liu S, Zhang Y, Zhao M (2007a) The HaeIII and XspI PCR-RFLPs detecting polymorphisms at the goat IGFBP-3 locus. Small Rumin. Res. 73:283-286.

[26] Lan X, Pan C, Chen H, Zhao M, Li J, Yu J, Yang X (2007b) The novel SNPs of the IGFBP-3 gene and their associations with litter size and weight traits in goat (Brief report). Arch. Anim. Breed. 50:223-224.

[27] Lewis RM (2018) Sheep: Breeding and Genetics Encyclopedia of Animal Science (pp. 974-977): CRC Press.

[28] Li MY, Li L, Min LJ, Wang JM (2008) Genetic analysis of IGFBP-3 gene and its association with economic traits in goats. Chin. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 12:003.

[29] Liu H, Liu C, Yang G, Li H, Dai J, Cong Y, Li X (2012) DNA polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 gene and its association with cashmere traits in cashmere goats. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 25:1515.

[30] Maciulla J, Zhang H, DeNise S (1997) A novel polymorphism in the bovine insulin-like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP-3) gene. Anim. genet. 28:375-375.

[31] Mahrous KF, Abdel-Aziem SH, Abdel-Hafez MA, Abdel-Mordy M, Rushdi HE (2018) Polymorphism of growth hormone gene in three goat breeds in Egypt. Doc. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent. 42:35.

[32] Malewa A, Hakim L, Maylinda S, Husai M (2014) Growth hormone gene polymorphisms of Indonesia fat tailed sheep using PCR-RFLP and their relationship with growth traits. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 26:115.

[33] Marai IFM, Daader AH, Bahgat LB (2009) Performance traits of purebred Ossimi and Rahmani lambs and their crosses with Finnsheep born under two accelerated mating systems. Arch. Anim. Breed. 52:497-511.

[34] Mazerbourg S, Monget P (2018) Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and IGFBP proteases: a dynamic system regulating the ovarian folliculogenesis. Front. Endocrinol. 9:134.

[35] Newman S (1994). Quantitative-and molecular-genetic effects on animal well-being: adaptive mechanisms. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1641-1653.

[36] Okoro V, Ezeokeke C, Ogundu U, Chukwudum C (2010) Phenotypic correlation of bodyweight and linear body measurement in Chinchilla rabbits (Orycotolagus cuniculus). J. Agric. Biotech. Sustain. Dev. 2:27-29.

[37] Pereira AP, Alencar MMD, Oliveira HND, Regitano LCDA (2005) Association of GH and IGF-1 polymorphisms with growth traits in a synthetic beef cattle breed. Genet. Mol. Biol. 28:230-236.

[38] Rachid EB, Boussad B, Farid M, Nassima BBA, Amel D, Fodil A, Faissal G (2019) Reproduction and Growth Performance of the Algerian Tazegzawt Sheep Breed. GABJ. 3:50-62.

[39] Rasouli S, Abdolmohammadi A, Zebarjadi A, Mostafaei A (2017) Evaluation of polymorphism in IGF-I and IGFB-3 genes and their relationship tith twinning rate and growth traits in markhoz goats. Ann. Anim. Sci. 17:89-103.

[40] Saleh AA (2016) Utilization of Molecular Markers to Detect some Genes and Mutations Affecting Economic Traits in Egyptian Sheep Breeds. Master’s thesis. Alex. Univ. Egypt. 10.6084/m9.figshare.13026575. DOI:10.6084/m9.figshare.13026575.

[41] Saleh AA, Hammoud MH, Dabour NA, Hafez EE, Sharaby MA (2017). IGFBP-3 gene diversity among Egyptian sheep breeds. Alex. J. Agric. Sci., 6:87-92.

[42] Saleh AA, Hammoud MH, Dabour NA, Hafez EE, Sharaby MA (2020a) BMPR-1B, BMP-15 and GDF-9 genes structure and their relationship with litter size in six sheep breeds reared in Egypt. BMC Res. Notes. 13:215.

[43] Saleh AA, Hassanine NN (2019a) Egyptian Sheep Breeds and genetic tools to improve: LAP Publishing.

[44] Saleh AA, Rashad AM, Hassanine NN, Sharaby MA, Zhao Y (2019b) Comparative analysis of IGFBP-3 gene sequence in Egyptian sheep, cattle, and buffalo. BMC Res. Notes. 12:623.

[45] Saleh AA, Rashad AM, Hassanine NN, Sharaby MA, Zhao Y (2020b) Traditional Versus Modern Methods For Fertility Evaluation: LAP Publishing.

[46] Saleh AA, Rashad AM, Hassanine NN, Sharaby MA, Zhao Y (2021) Evaluation of morphological traits and physiological variables of several chinese goat breeds and their crosses. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 53:1-15.

[47] Saleh AA, Rashad AM Sharaby MA (2019c) Study of IGFBP-3 gene in Egyptian Farm Animals. LAP Publishing.

[48] Sambrook J, Fritsch E, Maniatis (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

[49] Sankhyan V, Thakur Y, Dogra P (2019) Genetic polymorphism in IGF-1 gene in four sheep and goat breeds and its association with biometrical traits in migratory Gaddi goat breed of western Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J. Anim. Res. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3795.

[50] Sarmah R, Laskar S, Nahardeka N, Borah P, Das B, Borkalita L (2019) Polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-i gene and their association with weight at different age in Assam hill goats. J. Entomol. 7:759-762.

[51] Shafey H, Mahrous K, Hassanane M, Mordy MA, Rushdi H (2014) Genetic polymorphism of myostatin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 genes in Egyptian sheep breeds. Glob. Vet. 13:419-424.

[52] Sharma A, Dutt G, Jayakumar S, Saroha V, Dixit S (2014) Sequence characterization and genetic variability analysis of GHR, IGF1 and IGFBP-3 genes in nine Indian goat breeds. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 42:361-365.

[53] Spangenberg L, Battke F, Graña M, Nieselt K, Naya H (2011) Identifying associations between amino acid changes and meta information in alignments. Bioinformatics. 27:2782-2789.

[54] Splaine CA, Hoffman ML, Jones AK, Pillai S, Zinn SA, Govoni KE, Reed SA (2019) PSI-19 Poor maternal nutrition during gestation alters placental IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 97:255-255.

[55] Tester M, Langridge P (2010) Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science. 327:818-822.

[56] Veldhuis JD, Anderson SM, Shah N, Bray M, Vick T, Gentili A, Evans WS (2001) Neurophysiological regulation andtarget-tissue impact of the pulsatile mode of growth hormone secretion in the human. Growth Hormone & IGF Research 11:S25-S37.

[57] Wall A, Juengel J, Edwards S, Rendel J (2018) The economic value of replacement breeding ewes attaining puberty within their first year of life on New Zealand sheep farms. Agric. Syst. 164:38-46.

[58] Wickramaratne S, Ulmak B, Dixit S, Kumar S, Vyas M (2009) Use of growth hormone gene plymorphism in selecting osmanabadi and sangamneri goats. Trop. Agri. Res. 21:398–411.

[59] Yousefi S, Azari MA (2012) Genetic effect of growth hormone gene on yearling weight and wool traits in Zel sheep (Brief Report). Arch. Anim. Breed. 55:303-306.

[60] Yousefi S, Shahmohammadi L, Azari MA, Zerehdaran S, Dehnavi E (2013) Survey of FecXL Locus of BMP15 Gene and Growth Hormone (GH) Gene and Their Effects on Lambing Rate in Zel Sheep. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Scie. 3:351-355.

[61] Zhang C, Liu Y, Huang K, Zeng W, Xu D, Wen Q, Yang L (2011) The association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in growth hormone (GH) gene with litter size and superovulation response in goat-breeds. Genet. Mol. Biol. 34:49-55.

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References

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