Gastrointestinal parasites of horses and their  socio-economic impact in Jos Plateau – Nigeria

Kenneth Ewere Ogbein; Abraham Goni Dogo; David Omagbe Oshadu; Emmanuel Richard  Edeh

doi:10.31893/avr.2022010

Keywords:

Abstract

There are several socio-economic constraints facing horses in Jos, Nigeria among which gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) play important role in negatively impacting the health, productivity and well-being of horses and these greatly limits the efficiency and work potential of affected horses. The objectives of this study are to estimate the impact of GIP infection in Horses around Jos metropolis and to advise stakeholders appropriately. Faecal samples were collected from 108 horses comprising of 25 male horses and 83 female horses over a period of six months from February to July 2021 covering three months in the dry season and three months in the rainy season. The samples were analyzed for GIPs using standard flotation, sedimentation and McMaster faecal egg counting techniques. The overall prevalence of GIPs in this study was 82.41% out of which 51.85% were positive for single infection and 30.56% were positive for mixed infection. The GIPs found in this study were Strongylus spp., Strongyloides westeri, Trichonema spp., Eimeria leukarti, Anoplocephala spp., Fasciola gigantica, Parascaris equorum, Gastrodiscus aegypticus, Triodontophorus spp., Oxyuris equi, Gasterophilus intestinalis and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. The prevalence for EPG was zero (3.70%), low (46.30%), medium (24.07%) and high (9.26%). The prevalence of GIPs was found higher in males as compared to females; young ones as compared to adults and rainy season compared to dry season. The prevalence of GIPs was found higher in animals with poor body condition score (84.62%) followed by moderate (83.78%), ideal (76.92%) and fat (66.67%). Several factors such as poor nutrition, management practices, disease status and other physiologic factors may affect the immune status of horses making it easier for them to succumb to gastrointestinal parasitic infection. It is therefore recommended that appropriate, economic and efficient control measures be employed to reduce parasitism in all age groups, sex and body conditions and in all seasons of the year consequently improving the health of horses in Jos - Nigeria.
References
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How to cite

Ogbein, K. E., Dogo, A. G., Oshadu, D. O., & Edeh, E. R. . (2022). Gastrointestinal parasites of horses and their socio-economic impact in Jos Plateau – Nigeria. Applied Veterinary Research, 1(2), 2022010. https://doi.org/10.31893/avr.2022010

[1] Adeppa J, Ananda KJ, Krishna CM, Satheesha GM (2016) Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses of schimoga region, Karnataka state. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 40:919-921.

[2] Ali A, Yagoob G (2015) Survey on Faecal Gastrointestinal Parasitic Helminths in Horses of Jockey Clubs in Ardabil City, Iran. Biological Forum 7:106-110.

[3] Ballweber IR (2006) Diagnostic methods for parasitic infections. Veterinary Clinics of North America 22:695-705.

[4] Belay W, Teshome D, Abiye A (2016) Study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes infections in equines in and around Kombolcha. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 7:367-372. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000372

[5] Belete S, Derso S (2015) Prevalence of major gastrointestinal parasites of horses in and around Mekelle (Quiha and Wukro). World journal of animal science research 3:1–10.

[6] Bolajoko M, Ahmed MS, Okewole PA, Kumbish P, Muhammad M, Fyfe J (2016) Prevalence and demographic distribution of canine rabies in Plateau state, Nigeria, 2004 – 2009. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 64:127-136.

[7] Bukar MM, Sadiq MA, Geidam YA (2007) A survey of cutaneous neoplasms among horses used for cultural festivals in Borno State, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 28: 27–33.

[8] Dirac PA (2013) Lectures on quantum mechanics. Courier Corporation.

[9] Dogo GIA, Karaye PG, Patrobas MG, Galadima M, Gosomji IJ (2017) Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and their impact in domestic animals in Vom, Nigeria. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(3): 211-216.

[10] Dogo GIA, Arinze SC, Oshadu DO (2020) Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in Zebu and N’dama Breeds from Cattle Ranches in Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Journal of parasite research 1: 2690-6759. https://DOI:10.14302/issn.2690-6759.jpar-20-3285

[11] Dung-Gwom JY, Gontul TK, Galadima JS, Gyang JD, Baklit G (2009) A Field Guide Manual of Plateau state. Berom Historical Publication, Jos, pp 14-20.

[12] Ehizibolo DO, Kamani J, Ehizibolo PO, Egwu KO, Dogo GIA, Salamishinaba JO (2012) Prevalence and significance of parasites of horses in some states of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23: 1–4.

[13] Ehizibolo DO, Gusi AM, Ehizibolo PO, Mbuk EU, Ocholi RA (2011) Serologic prevalence of brucellosis in horse stables in two northern states of Nigeria. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 22:17–19.

[14] Ekong PS, Juryit R, Dika MN, Nguku P, Musenero M (2012) Prevalence and risk factors for zoonotic helminth infection among humans and animals in Jos, Nigeria, 2005-2009. The Pan African Medical Journal 12:6.

[15] Ensminger ME (1990) Horses and Horsemanship (Animal Agriculture Series), 6th ed, Interstate Publishers, Danville, Illinois. Equine Science 22: 17–19.

[16] Evans PA, Jack N, Jones S (2007) Aging horses by their teeth. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (Division of Agriculture), University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Printing Services, Arkansas.

[17] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2011) Food and Agriculture Organization Stat Database. Available at: http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/f.

[18] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2021) Bourn D, Wint W, Blench R, Woolley E (1994) Nigerian Livestock Resources Survey. World Animal Review 78:49-58.

[19] Fritzen B, Rohn K, Schneider T, Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G (2010) Endoparasite control management on horse farms - lessons from worm prevalence and questionnaire data. Equine Veterinary Journal 42:79–83. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516409X471485

[20] Ghahfarrokhi EK, Ahmadi A, Shahraki SG Azizi H (2014) Eimeria leuckarti (Flesch 1883; Reichenow 1940) from worker horses and donkeys of Shahrekord, Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 2:1980-1984.

[21] Haruna U, Jibril SA, Kalla DJU, Suleiman H (2007) Evaluation of egg production in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry science 6(8): 604-607.

[22] Hiney K, Giedt EJ (2017) Common internal parasites of the horse. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Oklahoma State University. The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, ANSI-3932. http://osufacts.okstate.edu

[23] Hinney B, Wirtherle NC, Kyule M, Miethe N, Zessin KH, Clausen PH (2011) Prevalence of helminths in horses in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. Parasitology research 108:1083-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2362-z

[24] Karaye PG, Ola-Fadunsin SD, Dogo GIA (2018) Diversity of gastrointestinal parasites affecting some domestic animals in Plateau State, North-central Nigeria. Science World Journal 13:82-86.

[25] Königová A, Várady M, Čorba J (2001) The prevalence of equine gastrointestinal parasites in the Slovak Republic. Helminthologia 38:211–214.

[26] Kompi PP, Molapo S, Ntsaoana ME (2021) Prevalence and faecal egg load of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in maseru district, lesotho. Journal of Animal Health and Production 9:5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2021/9.1.5.12. 2308-2801.

[27] Kornas S, Cabaret J, Skalska M, Nowosad B (2010) Horse infection with intestinal helminths in relation to age, sex, access to grass and farm system. Veterinary parasitology 174:285-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.007.

[28] Kornas S, Skalska M, Nowosad B, Gawor J, Labaziewicz I, Babiuch A, (2007) Occurrence of tapeworm, roundworm and botfly larvae in horses from southern Poland. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 63:1373-1376.

[29] Lekwot VA, Umuze A, Yakubu AA, Ryeshak AG, Kwesaba DA (2014) Impact of Lamingo dam on the socio- economic activities of the people in Jos Area of Plateau State. Nigeria. Case Studies Journal 3:32.

[30] Love S (2003) Treatment and prevention of intestinal parasite-associated disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice 19:791–806.

[31] Lu H, Zhang J, Liu KB, Wu N, Li Y, Zhou, K, ..., Shen L, (2009) Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:7367-7372.

[32] Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Rathgeber RA, Collins SS (2007) Parasite field study in central Kentucky on thoroughbred foals (born in 2004) treated with pyrantel tartrate daily and other parasiticides periodically. Parasitology research 100:473-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0289-6

[33] Lyons ET, Tolliver SC (2014) Strongyloides westeri and Parascaris equorum: Observations in field studies in Thoroughbred foals on some farms in Central Kentucky, USA. Helminthologia 51:7–12.

[34] Mailoushi JT, Binbol NL, Sadiku Y (2015) Measure of Evaporation in Jos. A Comparative Analysis. In Iliya MA, Adamu IA, Umar AT, Audu M, (Eds). Climate Change, Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Development. International Conference on Climate Change, Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Development. 23rd – 26th November, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto pp 25–29.

[35] Martins S, Krecek RC, Milne SA (2009) Prevalence and biodiversity of helminth parasites in donkeys from South Africa. Journal of Parasitology 86:756-762.

[36] Mayaki AM (2017) Retrospective study of equine cases at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria (2001-2015). Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38:208-214.

[37] Mbafor FL, Khan PV, Joshua WP, Tchoumboue J (2012) Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths in horses in the Sudano-Guinean Climate Zone of Cameroon. Tropical Parasitology 2:45–48.

[38] National Equine Welfare Council (2005) “Equine industry welfare guidelines compendium for horses, ponies and donkeys,” in Body Condition Scoring of Horses and Donkeys, National Equine Welfare Council, Somerton, UK, 2nd edition pp 28-29.

[39] Nielson MK, Brananb MA, Wiedenheftc AM, Digianantonioc R, Scarea JA, Bellawa JL, Garberb LP, Kopralb CA, Phillippi-Taylord AM, Traub-Dargatz JL (2018) Risk factors associated with strongylid egg count prevalence and abundance in the United States equine population. Veterinary parasitology 257:58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. vetpar.2018.05.006

[40] Nwosu CO, Madu PP, Richards WS (2007) Prevalence and seasonal changes in the population of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in the semi-arid zone of north-eastern Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology 144:118-124.

[41] Oli N, Subedi JR (2018) Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of horse. (Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) in seven village development committees of Rukum District, Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22:70-75. https://DOI:10.3126/jist.v22i2.19596

[42] Oshadu DO, Ajanusi JO, Chiezey PN, Abubakar MS, Patrobas MN, Adamu M, Dogo GAI (2021) Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activities of Fractions of Acanthus Montanus (Acanthaceae) on Adult Heligmosomoides Bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae). Journal of parasite research 1:2690-6759. https://doi:10.14302/issn.2690-6759.jpar-21-3844

[43] Pam VA, Ogbu KI, Igeh CP, Bot CJ, Vincent G (2013) Prevalence of endoparasites of horses in Jos North and Jos South Local Government Areas of Plateau State Nigeria. Journal of Animal Science Advances 3(2): 103-108.

[44] Paul BT, Bello AM, Ngari O, Mana HP, Gadzama MA, Abba A, Malgwi KD, Balami SY, Dauda J, Abdullahi AM (2016) Risk factors of haemoparasites and some haematological parameters of slaughtered trade cattle in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 8:83-88.

[45] Poudel S (2007) Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses with special references to Strongylus species of Sainik stud farm centre Bharatpur, Chitwan. Blue-cross Annual Bull Nepales Veterinary Science and Aniamal Husbandary 9:04-15.

[46] Relf VE, Morgan ER, Hodgkinson JE, Matthews JB (2013) Helminth egg excretion with regard to age, gender and management practices on UK Thoroughbred studs. Parasitology 140:641-652. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182012001941.

[47] Royal Veterinary college (2021) The Royal Veterinary College/ FAO guide to Veterinary Diagnostic Parasitology. Avaliable in: https://www.rvc.ac.uk/review/parasitology/Flotation/Simple_flotation/Principle.html

[48] Samuel E, Ashenafi A, Natnael M, Shiret B (2015) Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal nematode parasitic infections of horses and donkeys in and around Kombolcha town. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 10:228-234.

[49] Saror DI (1976) Haematological values in Nigerian part-arab stallions. The Veterinary Record 99:397-398.

[50] Sazmand A, Bahari A, Papi S, Otranto D (2020) Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review. Parasites and Vectors 13:1–19.

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